原创地址:http://www.cnblogs.com/oomusou/archive/2008/06/08/uclinux_de2.html
Abstract
若要在DE2上使用作業系統,除了Nios II EDS內建支援的μC/OS-II外,μClinux也能在DE2上跑。
Introduction
使用環境:Quartus II 7.2 SP1 + Nios II EDS 7.2 SP1 + DE2(Cyclone II EP2C35F627C6) + VMWare 6.0.2 + CentOS 5.1
既然Nios II EDS已經支援μC/OS-II,為什麼還要另外跑μClinux呢?
μC/OS-II
優點:所占的資源很少,只要FPGA上的on-chip memory就可以跑。
缺點:將原本在Linux上的open source軟體porting到μC/OS-II難度較高。
μClinux
優點:使用Linux kernel,所以將Linux上open source軟體porting到μClinux較容易。
缺點:所占的資源較多,須要使用到SDRAM。
所以μC/OS-II和μClinux各擅勝場,開發人員可視實際需要選擇使用哪一個OS。
DE2安裝μClinux的幾個方法
1.兩台PC,一台使用Windows作業系統,另一台使用Linux作業系統:
Windows上安裝Quartus II與SOPC Builder產生硬體.sof與.ptf,而在Linux進行μClinux的cross compiler,兩台PC透過ftp或Samba傳檔。
2.一台PC,使用Linux作業系統:
安裝Linux版的Quartus II與SOPC Builder產生硬體.sof與.ptf,也在Linux上進行μClinux的cross compiler,軟硬體皆在Linux上完成。
3.一台PC,使用Windows作業系統:
安裝Windows版的Quartus II與SOPC Builder產生硬體.sof與.ptf,並安裝cygwin進行μClinux的cross compiler,軟硬體皆在Windows上完成。
4.一台PC,使用Windows作業系統,並在VMWare安裝Linux作業系統:
安裝Windows版的Quartus II與SOPC Builder產生硬體.sof與.ptf,並在VMWare上安裝Linux進行μClinux的cross compiler,Windows與Linux之間透過VMWare Tools傳檔,請參閱(原創) 如何在CentOS安裝VMWare Tools? (OS) (Linux) (CentOS) (VMWare)。
第一種方式,需要兩台PC,當然是最麻煩的方式。若只有一台PC,而且你只用Linux,就用第二種方式,若你只有一台PC,且使用Windows,第三種方式與第四種方式皆可行,看你習慣哪一種。本文討論的是第四種方式配合VMWare。
DE2的硬體設計
你可以自行用Verilog設計硬體並搭配SOPC Builder產生Nios II,最後用Quartus II編譯產生.sof與.ptf,這方面我在之前的文章已經討論了很多,都在IC Design分類下,請自行參閱。為了簡化起見,我使用友晶科技CD所提供的Reference Design。Nios II的Reference Design放在DE2 CD中的\DE2_demonstrations\SOPC_Builder\Reference_Design\下,(或從http://www.terasic.com/downloads/cd-rom/de2/ 下載),若你想自己從頭到尾自己由SOPC Builder建立,請參閱(原創) 如何自己用SOPC Builder建立一個能在DE2上跑μC/OS-II的Nios II系統? (IC Design) (DE2) (Quartus II) (Nios II) (SOPC Builder) (μC/OS-II)。
友晶提供的Reference Design是Quartus II 6.0與7.1的版本,若你使用7.2或更高的版本,建議你用SOPC Builder開啟後,更新SOPC Builder格式並重新generate system_0.ptf,然後用Quartus II重新compile DE2_NIOS.sof,這兩個檔等一下會用到。
在Linux上安裝Nios II gcc cross compiler
等一下我們會下載μClinux的source code,重新編譯成能在Nios II跑的版本,在此之前必須先安裝Nios II gcc cross compiler。
Step 1:
下載nios2gcc.tar.bz2或Altera原廠的nios2gcc-20080203.tar.bz2至/usr/local/src
Step 2:
將nios2gcc.tar.bz2解壓縮到/opt/nios2
[
root@localhost src
]
# tar -jxvf nios2gcc.tar.bz2 -C /
Step 3:
設定cross compiler路徑
[
root@localhost src
]
# vi ~/.bash_profile
修改bash_profile的內容如下所示,加上/opt/nios2/bin路徑
# .bash_profile
# Get the aliases and functions
if
[
-f ~/.bashrc
]
;
then
. ~/.bashrc
fi
# User specific environment and startup programs
PATH
=
$PATH:$HOME/bin:/opt/nios2/bin
export PATH
unset USERNAME
Step 4:
重新執行bash_profile script,讓所設定的路徑馬上生效,不必再重新登出登入
[
root@localhost src
]
# source ~/.bash_profile
Step 5:
測試Nios II gcc cross compiler是否安裝成功
[
root@localhost src
]
# nios2-linux-uclibc-gcc -v
若出現以下結果,表示Nios II gcc cross compiler已經設定成功
Reading specs from /opt/nios2/lib/gcc/nios2-linux-uclibc/
3.4.6
/specs
Configured with: /root/buildroot/toolchain_build_nios2/gcc-
3.4.6
/configure --prefix
=
/opt/nios2 --build
=
i386-pc-linux-gnu --host
=
i386-pc-linux-gnu --target
=
nios2-linux-uclibc --enable-languages
=
c --enable-shared --disable-__cxa_atexit --enable-target-optspace --with-gnu-ld --disable-nls --enable-threads --disable-multilib --enable-cxx-flags
=
-static
Thread model: posix
gcc version
3.4.6
編譯μClinux核心
Step 1:
到Embedded Linux/Microcontroller Project下載μClinux到/usr/local/src,本文用的是uClinux-dist-20070130.tar.gz。
Step 2:
將uClinux-dist-20070130.tar.gz解壓縮
[
root@localhost src
]
# tar -zxvf uClinux-dist-
20070130
.tar.gz
uClinux-dist-20070130.tar.gz解開後占1.9GB,若解壓縮過程有錯誤,大部分原因都是硬碟滿了,請注意你VMWare所設定的硬碟大小。
Step 3:
下載μClinux kernel patch for Nios II:uClinux-dist-20070130-nios2-02.7z到/usr/local/src/uClinux-dist。
Step 4:
安裝μClinux kernel patch for Nios II
[
root@localhost src
]
# cd uClinux-dist
[
root@localhost uClinux-dist
]
# gunzip -c uClinux-dist-
20070130
-nios2-
02
.diff.gz | patch -p0
若出現以下結果,表示patch成功
patching file vendors/Altera/nios2nommu/config.arch
patching file vendors/Altera/nios2nommu/config.linux-
2.6
.x
patching file lib/libpng/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/include/asm-nios2nommu/ide.h
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/include/linux/elf-em.h
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/usr/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/Kconfig
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/altcf.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/pci/Kconfig
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/pci/pci-auto.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/pci/pci.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/pci/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/spi.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/drivers/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/mtd/maps/altera.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/mtd/maps/Kconfig
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/Kconfig
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/dm9ks.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/open_eth.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/dm9000.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/Space.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/smc91x.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/smc911x.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/net/mtip1000.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/usb/Kconfig
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/usb/host/Kconfig
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/usb/host/isp1362-hcd.c
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/usb/host/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/usb/host/isp1362.h
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/usb/Makefile
patching file linux-
2.6
.x/drivers/ide/ide.c
patching file user/microwin/src/fonts/X6x13.c
patching file user/microwin/src/demos/nxroach/Makefile
patching file user/microwin/src/demos/nanox/nxterm.c
patching file user/microwin/src/demos/nanox/nterm.c
patching file user/microwin/src/demos/nxkbd/keynum.c
patching file user/microwin/src/demos/nxkbd/keyctrl.c
patching file user/microwin/src/demos/nxkbd/keyshft.c
patching file user/microwin/src/Makefile.rules
patching file user/microwin/src/drivers/kbd_ttyscan.c
patching file user/microwin/src/drivers/scr_fb.c
patching file user/microwin/src/drivers/mou_ser.c
patching file user/ftpd/ftpcmd.c
patching file user/ftpd/Makefile
Step 5:
建立make file
[
root@localhost uClinux-dist
]
# make menuconfig
在Vendor/Product Selection如下設定
在Kernel/Library/Defaults Selection如下設定
最後選<Yes>存檔
Step 6:
將SOPC Builder設定檔system_0.ptf複製到/usr/local/src
Step 7:
根據DE2硬體配置設定make file
[
root@localhost uClinux-dist
]
# make vendor_hwselect SYSPTF=/usr/local/src/system_0.ptf
最後會有選擇動作,分別選擇 1 (CPU_0),1 (cfi_flash_0),2 (sdram)。
--- Please select which CPU you wish to build the kernel against:
(
1
) cpu_0 - Class: altera_nios2 Type: f Version:
7.071
Selection:
1
--- Please select a device to upload the kernel to:
(
1
) cfi_flash_0
Class: altera_avalon_cfi_flash
Size:
4194304
bytes
Selection:
1
--- Please select a device to execute kernel from:
(
1
) sram_0
Class: sram_16bit_512k
Size:
524288
bytes
(
2
) sdram_0
Class: altera_avalon_new_sdram_controller
Size:
8388608
bytes
(
3
) epcs_controller
Class: altera_avalon_epcs_flash_controller
Size:
2048
bytes
Selection:
2
最後成功的結果如下所示
--- Summary using
PTF: /usr/local/src/system_0.ptf
CPU: cpu_0
Device to upload to: cfi_flash_0
Program memory to execute from: sdram_0
--- Settings written to /usr/local/src/uClinux-dist/linux-
2.6
.x/arch/nios2nommu/hardware.mk
make
[
3
]
: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/uClinux-dist/linux-
2.6
.x'
make
[
2
]
: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/uClinux-dist/vendors/Altera/nios2nommu'
make
[
1
]
: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/uClinux-dist/vendors'
Step 8:
建立romfs資料夾,過程會有錯誤訊息,可忽略。
[
root@localhost uClinux-dist
]
# make romfs
Step 9:
編譯μClinux核心
[
root@localhost uClinux-dist
]
# make
Step 10:
產生image
[
root@localhost uClinux-dist
]
# make linux image
最後會在/usr/local/src/uClinux-dist/linux-2.6.x/arch/nios2nommu/boot/下找到zImage
Step 11:
將zImage複製到Windows的C:\altera\72\nios2eds\examples\下
將軟硬體燒入到DE2
Step 1:
將DE2_NIOS2.sof複製到C:\altera\72\nios2eds\examples\下
Step 2:
啟動Nios II Command Shell
開始 -> 程式集 -> Altera -> Nios II EDS 7.2 -> Nios II 7.2 Command Shell
Step 3:
將硬體燒入到DE2
[
SOPC Builder
]
$ nios2-configure-sof DE2_NIOS.sof
執行結果
Searching for SOF file:
in .
DE2_NIOS.sof
Info: *******************************************************************
Info: Running Quartus II Programmer
Info: Command: quartus_pgm --no_banner --mode
=
jtag -o p
;
DE2_NIOS.sof
Info: Using programming cable
"
USB-Blaster [USB-0]
"
Info: Started Programmer operation at Mon Jun
09
03
:
01
:
45
2008
Info: Configuring device index
1
Info: Device
1
contains JTAG ID code 0x020B40DD
Info: Configuration succeeded --
1
device(s) configured
Info: Successfully performed operation(s)
Info: Ended Programmer operation at Mon Jun
09
03
:
01
:
46
2008
Info: Quartus II Programmer was successful.
0
errors
,
0
warnings
Info: Allocated
54
megabytes of memory during processing
Info: Processing ended: Mon Jun
09
03
:
01
:
46
2008
Info: Elapsed time:
00
:
00
:
02
Step 4:
將μClinux的zImage下載到SDRAM
[
SOPC Builder
]
$ nios2-download -g zImage
執行結果
Using cable
"
USB-Blaster [USB-0]
"
,
device
1
,
instance 0x00
Pausing target processor: OK
Initializing CPU cache (if present)
OK
Downloaded 1197KB in
14
.4s (
83
.1KB/s)
Verified OK
Starting processor at address 0x00D00000
Step 5:
啟動μClinux
[
SOPC Builder
]
$ nios2-terminal
執行結果
Uncompressing Linux Ok
,
booting the kernel.
Linux version
2.6.19
-uc1 ([email protected]) (gcc version
3.4.6
) #
2
PR
EMPT Sun Jun
8
23
:
28
:
30
CST
2008
uClinux/Nios II
Altera Nios II support (C)
2004
Microtronix Datacom Ltd.
Built
1
zonelists. Total pages:
2032
Kernel command line:
PID hash table entries:
32
(order:
5
,
128
bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries:
1024
(order:
0
,
4096
bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries:
1024
(order:
0
,
4096
bytes)
Memory available: 5956k/8192k RAM
,
0k/0k ROM (1465k kernel code
,
680k data)
Mount-cache hash table entries:
512
NET: Registered protocol family
16
NET: Registered protocol family
2
IP route cache hash table entries:
1024
(order:
0
,
4096
bytes)
TCP established hash table entries:
1024
(order:
0
,
4096
bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries:
1024
(order:
0
,
4096
bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established
1024
bind
1024
)
TCP reno registered
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered (default)
Serial: JTAG UART driver $Revision:
1.3
$
ttyJ0 at MMIO 0x806810f0 (irq
=
1
) is a jtag_uart
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family
1
NET: Registered protocol family
17
Freeing unused kernel memory: 572k freed (0x97a000 - 0xa08000)
Shell invoked to run file: /etc/rc
Command: hostname uClinux
Command: mount -t proc proc /proc
Command: mount -t sysfs sysfs /sys
Command: mount -t usbfs none /proc/bus/usb
mount: Mounting none on /proc/bus/usb failed: No such file or directory
Command: mkdir /var/tmp
Command: mkdir /var/log
Command: mkdir /var/run
Command: mkdir /var/lock
Command: mkdir /var/empty
Command: ifconfig lo
127.0.0.1
Command: route add -net
127.0.0.0
netmask
255.0.0.0
lo
Command: cat /etc/motd
Welcome to
____ _ _
/ __| ||_|
_ _| | | | _ ____ _ _ _ _
| | | | | | || | _ \| | | |\ \/ /
| |_| | |__| || | | | | |_| |/ \
| ___\____|_||_|_| |_|\____|\_/\_/
| |
|_|
For further information check:
http://www.uclinux.org/
Execution Finished
,
Exiting
Sash command shell (version
1.1.1
)
/>
若看到這個畫面,表示μClinux已經順利執行在DE2上。
Conclusion
當我最後看到μClinux的logo出現時,真的是既讚嘆又感恩,讚嘆的是Linux就這樣跑在嵌入式系統了,感恩的是前人的porting讓我們能在DE2順利的跑μClinux。這真是一次奇妙的軟硬體合作經驗,從FPGA到OS,又從Linux回到Windows,不得不讚嘆嵌入式系統的神奇。
See Also
(原創) 如何在μClinux開發第一支Hello World程式? (IC Design) (DE2) (Nios II) (OS) (Linux) (μClinux) (C/C++) (gcc)
(原創) 如何在CentOS安裝VMWare Tools? (OS) (Linux) (CentOS) (VMWare)
(原創) 如何自己用SOPC Builder建立一個能在DE2上跑μC/OS-II的Nios II系統? (IC Design) (DE2) (Quartus II) (Nios II) (SOPC Builder) (μC/OS-II)
(原創) 如何解決『Error: More than one programming cable found in available hardware list --use--list option to display available hardware list and specify correct cableprogramming』錯誤訊息? (SOC) (Nios II) (μClinux) (DE2) (DE2-70)