直方图python_python数据分析与挖掘(六)--- matplotlib直方图

直方图(histogram)

1 直方图介绍

直方图,形状类似柱状图却有着与柱状图完全不同的含义。直方图牵涉统计学的概念,首先要对数据进行分组,然后统计每个分组内数据元的数量。 在坐标系中,横轴标出每个组的端点,纵轴表示频数,每个矩形的高代表对应的频数,称这样的统计图为频数分布直方图。

相关概念:

组数:在统计数据时,我们把数据按照不同的范围分成几个组,分成的组的个数称为组数

组距:每一组两个端点的差

2 直方图与柱状图的对比

柱状图是以矩形的长度表示每一组的频数或数量,其宽度(表示类别)则是固定的,利于较小的数据集分析。

直方图是以矩形的长度表示每一组的频数或数量,宽度则表示各组的组距,因此其高度与宽度均有意义,利于展示大量数据集的统计结果。

由于分组数据具有连续性,直方图的各矩形通常是连续排列,而柱状图则是分开排列。

3 直方图绘制

需求:电影时长分布状况

现有250部电影的时长,希望统计出这些电影时长的分布状态(比如时长为100分钟到120分钟电影的数量,出现的频率)等信息,你应该如何呈现这些数据?

数据:

time = [131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]

效果:

4 直方图绘制api

matplotlib.pyplot.hist(x, bins=None, normed=None, **kwargs)

Parameters:

x : (n,) array or sequence of (n,) arrays

bins : integer or sequence or ‘auto’, optional

组数

5 绘制设置组距

设置组数(通常对于数据较少的情况,分为5~12组,数据较多,更换图形显示方式)通常设置组数会有相应公式:组数 = 极差/组距= (max-min)/bins

代码:

# 1)准备数据

time = [131, 98, 125, 131, 124, 139, 131, 117, 128, 108, 135, 138, 131, 102, 107, 114, 119, 128, 121, 142, 127, 130, 124, 101, 110, 116, 117, 110, 128, 128, 115, 99, 136, 126, 134, 95, 138, 117, 111,78, 132, 124, 113, 150, 110, 117, 86, 95, 144, 105, 126, 130,126, 130, 126, 116, 123, 106, 112, 138, 123, 86, 101, 99, 136,123, 117, 119, 105, 137, 123, 128, 125, 104, 109, 134, 125, 127,105, 120, 107, 129, 116, 108, 132, 103, 136, 118, 102, 120, 114,105, 115, 132, 145, 119, 121, 112, 139, 125, 138, 109, 132, 134,156, 106, 117, 127, 144, 139, 139, 119, 140, 83, 110, 102,123,107, 143, 115, 136, 118, 139, 123, 112, 118, 125, 109, 119, 133,112, 114, 122, 109, 106, 123, 116, 131, 127, 115, 118, 112, 135,115, 146, 137, 116, 103, 144, 83, 123, 111, 110, 111, 100, 154,136, 100, 118, 119, 133, 134, 106, 129, 126, 110, 111, 109, 141,120, 117, 106, 149, 122, 122, 110, 118, 127, 121, 114, 125, 126,114, 140, 103, 130, 141, 117, 106, 114, 121, 114, 133, 137, 92,121, 112, 146, 97, 137, 105, 98, 117, 112, 81, 97, 139, 113,134, 106, 144, 110, 137, 137, 111, 104, 117, 100, 111, 101, 110,105, 129, 137, 112, 120, 113, 133, 112, 83, 94, 146, 133, 101,131, 116, 111, 84, 137, 115, 122, 106, 144, 109, 123, 116, 111,111, 133, 150]

# 2)创建画布

plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8), dpi=100)

# 3)绘制直方图

# 设置组距

distance = 2

# 计算组数

group_num = int((max(time) - min(time)) / distance)

# 绘制直方图

plt.hist(time, bins=group_num)

# 修改x轴刻度显示

plt.xticks(range(min(time), max(time))[::2])

# 添加网格显示

plt.grid(linestyle="--", alpha=0.5)

# 添加x, y轴描述信息

plt.xlabel("电影时长大小")

plt.ylabel("电影的数据量")

# 4)显示图像

plt.show()

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