python卡方CHI特征检验提取关键文本特征

理论

类别class_i 非类别class_i
包含单词word_j的文档数 A B
不包含单词word_j的文档数 C D

卡方特征提取主要度量类别class_i 和 单词word_j之间的依赖关系。计算公式如下

CHI(word_j, class_i) = \frac{N (AD-CB) ^2}{(A + C)(B + D)(A + B)(C + D)}

其中N是文档总数,A是包含单词word_j且属于class_i的文档数,B是包含单词word_j但不属class_i的文档数,C是不包含单词word_j但属于class_i的文档数,D是不包含单词word_j且不属于class_i的文档数。值得注意的是

N=A+B+C+D

最终单词word_j的CHI值计算公式如下,其中P(class_i)表示属于类别 class_i的文档在所有文档中出现的概率,k为总的类别数

CHI(word_j) =\sum_{i}^{k}P(class_i)CHI(word_j, class_i)

代码

下面以二分类为例介绍一段python代码:第一个参数是文档列表,包含若干个文档,每个文档由若干个单词通过空格拼接而成;第二个参数是标签列表,对应每个文档的类别;第三个参数用来确定选取前百分之多少的单词。

# documents = [document_1, document_2, document_3, ...]
# document_i = "word_1 word_2 word_3" 
# labels is a list combined with 0 and 1
def feature_word_select(documents:list, labels:list, percentage:float):

    # get all words      
    word_set = set()
    for document in documents:
        words = document.split()
        word_set.update(words)
    word_list = list(word_set)
    word_list.sort()

    sorted_words = chi(word_list, documents, labels)
    top_k_words = sorted_words[:int(percentage * len(sorted_words))]
    
    return top_k_words

这段代码首先创建一个集合word_set,接着遍历所有的文档,对每一个文档,使用split()函数对其进行切分,得到一个words列表,再将列表中的所有元素输入到集合word_set中,word_set由于集合的特性会过滤集合中已有的单词。收集完毕后,通过word_set生成一个单词列表word_list。

将单词列表,文档列表和标签列表输入chi函数,得到通过卡方值降序排列的单词列表sorted_words。

最后选取前百分之percentage的单词最为最后的特征单词。


下面这个函数cal_chi_word_class()用来计算 CHI(word, 0)和CHI(word, 1)。这里的A1表示属于类别1的A,A0表示属于类别0的A。

值得说明的是,在二分类问题中,A1实际上等于B0,C1实际上等于D0。因此,仅计算A1,B1,C1,D1即可推导出A0,B0,C0,D0。

此外,由于文档总数N对于CHI(word, 0)和CHI(word, 1)来说属于公共的分子且保持不变,所以可以不参与计算;A1+C1=B0+D0,B1+D1=A0+C0,所以CHI(word, 0)和CHI(word, 1)的分母部分可以进行简化

# calculate chi(word,1) and chi(word,0)
def cal_chi_word_class(word, labels, documents):
    N = len(documents)
    A1, B1, C1, D1 = 0., 0., 0., 0.
    A0, B0, C0, D0 = 0., 0., 0., 0.
    for i in range(len(documents)):
        if word in documents[i].split():
            if labels[i] == 1:
                A1 += 1
                B0 += 1
            else:
                B1 += 1
                A0 += 1
        else:
            if labels[i] == 1:
                C1 += 1
                D0 += 1
            else:
                D1 += 1
                C0 += 1
    chi_word_1 = N * (A1*D1-C1*B1)**2 / ((A1+C1)*(B1+D1)*(A1+B1)*(C1+D1))
    chi_word_0 = N * (A0*D0-C0*B0)**2 / ((A0+C0)*(B0+D0)*(A0+B0)*(C0+D0))
    return chi_word_1, chi_word_0

简化后

# calculate chi(word,1) and chi(word,0)
def cal_chi_word_class(word, labels, documents):
    A1, B1, C1, D1 = 0., 0., 0., 0.
    for i in range(len(documents)):
        if word in documents[i].split():
            if labels[i] == 1:
                A1 += 1
            else:
                B1 += 1
        else:
            if labels[i] == 1:
                C1 += 1
            else:
                D1 += 1
    A0, B0, C0, D0 = B1, A1, D1, C1
    chi_word_1 = (A1*D1-C1*B1)**2 / ((A1+B1)*(C1+D1))
    chi_word_0 = (A0*D0-C0*B0)**2 / ((A0+B0)*(C0+D0))
    return chi_word_1, chi_word_0

在chi函数中调用cal_chi_word_class函数,即可计算每个单词的卡方值,以字典的形式保存每个单词的卡方值,最后对字典的所有值进行排序,并提取出排序后的单词。

def chi(word_list, documents, labels):
    P1 = labels.count(1) / len(documents)
    P0 = 1 - P1
    dic = {}
    for word in word_list:
        chi_word_1, chi_word_0 = cal_chi_word_class(word, labels, documents)
        chi_word = P0 * chi_word_0 + P1 * chi_word_1
        dic[word] = chi_word
    sorted_list = sorted(dic.items(), key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)
    sorted_chi_word = [x[0] for x in sorted_list]
    return sorted_chi_word

测试代码。这里我略过了数据处理环节,documents列表中的每一个元素document_i都是有若干个单词或符号通过空格拼接而成。

def main():
    documents = ["today i am happy !", "she is not happy at all", "let us go shopping !",
        "mike was so sad last night", "amy did not love it", "it is so amazing !"
    ]
    labels = [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]
    words = feature_word_select(documents, labels, 0.3)
    print(words)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

运行结果如下

['!', 'not', 'all', 'am', 'amazing', 'amy', 'at']

进一步,可以在chi函数里输出sorted_list(每个单词对应的卡方值),结果如下。这里输出的并不是真实的卡方值,是经过化简的,如需输出原始值,请使用完整版的cal_chi_word_class()函数。

[('!', 9.0), ('not', 4.5), ('all', 1.8), ('am', 1.8), ('amazing', 1.8), ('amy', 1.8), ('at', 1.8), ('did', 1.8), ('go', 1.8), ('i', 1.8), ('last', 1.8), ('let', 1.8), ('love', 1.8), ('mike', 1.8), ...]

完整代码

# calculate chi(word,1) and chi(word,0)
def cal_chi_word_class(word, labels, documents):
    A1, B1, C1, D1 = 0., 0., 0., 0.
    for i in range(len(documents)):
        if word in documents[i].split():
            if labels[i] == 1:
                A1 += 1
            else:
                B1 += 1
        else:
            if labels[i] == 1:
                C1 += 1
            else:
                D1 += 1
    A0, B0, C0, D0 = B1, A1, D1, C1
    chi_word_1 = (A1*D1-C1*B1)**2 / ((A1+B1)*(C1+D1))
    chi_word_0 = (A0*D0-C0*B0)**2 / ((A0+B0)*(C0+D0))
    return chi_word_1, chi_word_0

def chi(word_list, documents, labels):
    P1 = labels.count(1) / len(documents)
    P0 = 1 - P1
    dic = {}
    for word in word_list:
        chi_word_1, chi_word_0 = cal_chi_word_class(word, labels, documents)
        chi_word = P0 * chi_word_0 + P1 * chi_word_1
        dic[word] = chi_word
    sorted_list = sorted(dic.items(), key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)
    sorted_chi_word = [x[0] for x in sorted_list]
    return sorted_chi_word

# documents = [document_1, document_2, document_3, ...]
# document_i = "word_1 word_2 word_3" 
# labels is a list combined with 0 and 1
def feature_word_select(documents:list, labels:list, percentage:float):
    # get all words      
    word_set = set()
    for document in documents:
        words = document.split()
        word_set.update(words)
    word_list = list(word_set)
    word_list.sort()

    sorted_words = chi(word_list, documents, labels)
    top_k_words = sorted_words[:int(percentage * len(sorted_words))]
    
    return top_k_words

def main():
    documents = ["today i am happy !", "she is not happy at all", "let us go shopping !",
        "mike was so sad last night", "amy did not love it", "it is so amazing !"
    ]
    labels = [1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1]
    words = feature_word_select(documents, labels, 0.3)
    print(words)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

题外话

卡方特征选择仅考虑单词是否在文档中出现,并没有考虑单词出现的次数,因此选择出的特征单词可能并不准确。

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