难度:新手入门⭐
语言:Python3、Pytorch
要求:
本地读取并加载数据。
测试集accuracy到达93%
拔高:
测试集accuracy到达95%
调用模型识别一张本地图片
- 本文为365天深度学习训练营 中的学习记录博客
- 参考文章:Pytorch实战 | 第P3周:彩色图片识别:天气识别
- 原作者:K同学啊|接辅导、项目定制
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import torchvision
from torchvision import transforms, datasets
import os,PIL,pathlib
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
device
device(type='cpu')
import os,PIL,random,pathlib
data_dir = './data/'
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)
data_paths = list(data_dir.glob('*'))
classeNames = [str(path).split("/")[1] for path in data_paths]
classeNames
['cloudy', 'rain', 'shine', 'sunrise']
total_datadir = './data/'
# 关于transforms.Compose的更多介绍可以参考:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38251616/article/details/124878863
train_transforms = transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize([224, 224]), # 将输入图片resize成统一尺寸
transforms.ToTensor(), # 将PIL Image或numpy.ndarray转换为tensor,并归一化到[0,1]之间
transforms.Normalize( # 标准化处理-->转换为标准正太分布(高斯分布),使模型更容易收敛
mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406],
std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225]) # 其中 mean=[0.485,0.456,0.406]与std=[0.229,0.224,0.225] 从数据集中随机抽样计算得到的。
])
total_data = datasets.ImageFolder(total_datadir,transform=train_transforms)
total_data
Dataset ImageFolder
Number of datapoints: 1125
Root location: ./data/
StandardTransform
Transform: Compose(
Resize(size=[224, 224], interpolation=bilinear, max_size=None, antialias=None)
ToTensor()
Normalize(mean=[0.485, 0.456, 0.406], std=[0.229, 0.224, 0.225])
)
train_size = int(0.8 * len(total_data))
test_size = len(total_data) - train_size
train_dataset, test_dataset = torch.utils.data.random_split(total_data, [train_size, test_size])
train_dataset, test_dataset
(,
)
train_size,test_size
(900, 225)
batch_size = 32
train_dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset,
batch_size=batch_size,
shuffle=True,
num_workers=1)
test_dl = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_dataset,
batch_size=batch_size,
shuffle=True,
num_workers=1)
for X, y in test_dl:
print("Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: ", X.shape)
print("Shape of y: ", y.shape, y.dtype)
break
Shape of X [N, C, H, W]: torch.Size([32, 3, 224, 224])
Shape of y: torch.Size([32]) torch.int64
对于一般的CNN网络来说,都是由特征提取网络和分类网络构成,其中特征提取网络用于提取图片的特征,分类网络用于将图片进行分类。
⭐1. torch.nn.Conv2d()详解
函数原型:
torch.nn.Conv2d(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, str
ide=1, padding=0, dilation=1, groups=1, bias=True, padding_mode=‘zeros’, device=None, dtype=None)
关键参数说明:
● in_channels ( int ) – 输入图像中的通道数
● out_channels ( int ) – 卷积产生的通道数
● kernel_size ( int or tuple ) – 卷积核的大小
● stride ( int or tuple , optional ) – 卷积的步幅。默认值:1
● padding ( int , tuple或str , optional ) – 添加到输入的所有四个边的填充。默认值:0
● padding_mode (字符串,可选) – ‘zeros’, ‘reflect’, ‘replicate’或’circular’. 默认:‘zeros’
⭐2. torch.nn.Linear()详解
函数原型:
torch.nn.Linear(in_features, out_features, bias=True, device=None, dtype=None)
关键参数说明:
● in_features:每个输入样本的大小
● out_features:每个输出样本的大小
⭐3. torch.nn.MaxPool2d()详解
函数原型:
torch.nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size, stride=None, padding=0, dilation=1, return_indices=False, ceil_mode=False)
关键参数说明:
● kernel_size:最大的窗口大小
● stride:窗口的步幅,默认值为kernel_size
● padding:填充值,默认为0
● dilation:控制窗口中元素步幅的参数
import torch.nn.functional as F
class Network_bn(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Network_bn, self).__init__()
"""
nn.Conv2d()函数:
第一个参数(in_channels)是输入的channel数量
第二个参数(out_channels)是输出的channel数量
第三个参数(kernel_size)是卷积核大小
第四个参数(stride)是步长,默认为1
第五个参数(padding)是填充大小,默认为0
"""
self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=12, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(12)
self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=12, out_channels=12, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(12)
self.pool = nn.MaxPool2d(2,2)
self.conv4 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=12, out_channels=24, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
self.bn4 = nn.BatchNorm2d(24)
self.conv5 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=24, out_channels=24, kernel_size=5, stride=1, padding=0)
self.bn5 = nn.BatchNorm2d(24)
self.fc1 = nn.Linear(24*50*50, len(classeNames))
def forward(self, x):
x = F.relu(self.bn1(self.conv1(x)))
x = F.relu(self.bn2(self.conv2(x)))
x = self.pool(x)
x = F.relu(self.bn4(self.conv4(x)))
x = F.relu(self.bn5(self.conv5(x)))
x = self.pool(x)
x = x.view(-1, 24*50*50)
x = self.fc1(x)
return x
device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
print("Using {} device".format(device))
model = Network_bn().to(device)
model
Using cpu device
Network_bn(
(conv1): Conv2d(3, 12, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
(bn1): BatchNorm2d(12, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(conv2): Conv2d(12, 12, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
(bn2): BatchNorm2d(12, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(pool): MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2, padding=0, dilation=1, ceil_mode=False)
(conv4): Conv2d(12, 24, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
(bn4): BatchNorm2d(24, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(conv5): Conv2d(24, 24, kernel_size=(5, 5), stride=(1, 1))
(bn5): BatchNorm2d(24, eps=1e-05, momentum=0.1, affine=True, track_running_stats=True)
(fc1): Linear(in_features=60000, out_features=4, bias=True)
)
loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # 创建损失函数
learn_rate = 1e-4 # 学习率
opt = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(),lr=learn_rate)
1. optimizer.zero_grad()
函数会遍历模型的所有参数,通过内置方法截断反向传播的梯度流,再将每个参数的梯度值设为0,即上一次的梯度记录被清空。
2. loss.backward()
PyTorch的反向传播(即tensor.backward())是通过autograd包来实现的,autograd包会根据tensor进行过的数学运算来自动计算其对应的梯度。
具体来说,torch.tensor是autograd包的基础类,如果你设置tensor的requires_grads为True,就会开始跟踪这个tensor上面的所有运算,如果你做完运算后使用tensor.backward(),所有的梯度就会自动运算,tensor的梯度将会累加到它的.grad属性里面去。
更具体地说,损失函数loss是由模型的所有权重w经过一系列运算得到的,若某个w的requires_grads为True,则w的所有上层参数(后面层的权重w)的.grad_fn属性中就保存了对应的运算,然后在使用loss.backward()后,会一层层的反向传播计算每个w的梯度值,并保存到该w的.grad属性中。
如果没有进行tensor.backward()的话,梯度值将会是None,因此loss.backward()要写在optimizer.step()之前。
3. optimizer.step()
step()函数的作用是执行一次优化步骤,通过梯度下降法来更新参数的值。因为梯度下降是基于梯度的,所以在执行optimizer.step()函数前应先执行loss.backward()函数来计算梯度。
注意:optimizer只负责通过梯度下降进行优化,而不负责产生梯度,梯度是tensor.backward()方法产生的。
# 训练循环
def train(dataloader, model, loss_fn, optimizer):
size = len(dataloader.dataset) # 训练集的大小,一共60000张图片
num_batches = len(dataloader) # 批次数目,1875(60000/32)
train_loss, train_acc = 0, 0 # 初始化训练损失和正确率
for X, y in dataloader: # 获取图片及其标签
X, y = X.to(device), y.to(device)
# 计算预测误差
pred = model(X) # 网络输出
loss = loss_fn(pred, y) # 计算网络输出和真实值之间的差距,targets为真实值,计算二者差值即为损失
# 反向传播
optimizer.zero_grad() # grad属性归零
loss.backward() # 反向传播
optimizer.step() # 每一步自动更新
# 记录acc与loss
train_acc += (pred.argmax(1) == y).type(torch.float).sum().item()
train_loss += loss.item()
train_acc /= size
train_loss /= num_batches
return train_acc, train_loss
测试函数和训练函数大致相同,但是由于不进行梯度下降对网络权重进行更新,所以不需要传入优化器
def test (dataloader, model, loss_fn):
size = len(dataloader.dataset) # 测试集的大小,一共10000张图片
num_batches = len(dataloader) # 批次数目,313(10000/32=312.5,向上取整)
test_loss, test_acc = 0, 0
# 当不进行训练时,停止梯度更新,节省计算内存消耗
with torch.no_grad():
for imgs, target in dataloader:
imgs, target = imgs.to(device), target.to(device)
# 计算loss
target_pred = model(imgs)
loss = loss_fn(target_pred, target)
test_loss += loss.item()
test_acc += (target_pred.argmax(1) == target).type(torch.float).sum().item()
test_acc /= size
test_loss /= num_batches
return test_acc, test_loss
1. model.train()
model.train()的作用是启用 Batch Normalization 和 Dropout。
如果模型中有BN层(Batch Normalization)和Dropout,需要在训练时添加model.train()。model.train()是保证BN层能够用到每一批数据的均值和方差。对于Dropout,model.train()是随机取一部分网络连接来训练更新参数。
2. model.eval()
model.eval()的作用是不启用 Batch Normalization 和 Dropout。
如果模型中有BN层(Batch Normalization)和Dropout,在测试时添加model.eval()。model.eval()是保证BN层能够用全部训练数据的均值和方差,即测试过程中要保证BN层的均值和方差不变。对于Dropout,model.eval()是利用到了所有网络连接,即不进行随机舍弃神经元。
训练完train样本后,生成的模型model要用来测试样本。在model(test)之前,需要加上model.eval(),否则的话,有输入数据,即使不训练,它也会改变权值。这是model中含有BN层和Dropout所带来的的性质。
epochs = 20
train_loss = []
train_acc = []
test_loss = []
test_acc = []
for epoch in range(epochs):
model.train()
epoch_train_acc, epoch_train_loss = train(train_dl, model, loss_fn, opt)
model.eval()
epoch_test_acc, epoch_test_loss = test(test_dl, model, loss_fn)
train_acc.append(epoch_train_acc)
train_loss.append(epoch_train_loss)
test_acc.append(epoch_test_acc)
test_loss.append(epoch_test_loss)
template = ('Epoch:{:2d}, Train_acc:{:.1f}%, Train_loss:{:.3f}, Test_acc:{:.1f}%,Test_loss:{:.3f}')
print(template.format(epoch+1, epoch_train_acc*100, epoch_train_loss, epoch_test_acc*100, epoch_test_loss))
print('Done')
Epoch: 1, Train_acc:55.6%, Train_loss:1.059, Test_acc:64.4%,Test_loss:0.979
Epoch: 2, Train_acc:73.0%, Train_loss:0.755, Test_acc:64.9%,Test_loss:0.829
Epoch: 3, Train_acc:76.3%, Train_loss:0.670, Test_acc:80.9%,Test_loss:0.580
Epoch: 4, Train_acc:80.2%, Train_loss:0.573, Test_acc:82.7%,Test_loss:0.540
Epoch: 5, Train_acc:82.6%, Train_loss:0.533, Test_acc:85.3%,Test_loss:0.416
Epoch: 6, Train_acc:84.9%, Train_loss:0.468, Test_acc:87.6%,Test_loss:0.470
Epoch: 7, Train_acc:87.4%, Train_loss:0.439, Test_acc:78.2%,Test_loss:0.514
Epoch: 8, Train_acc:87.9%, Train_loss:0.407, Test_acc:84.9%,Test_loss:0.482
Epoch: 9, Train_acc:88.4%, Train_loss:0.370, Test_acc:88.4%,Test_loss:0.322
Epoch:10, Train_acc:88.9%, Train_loss:0.378, Test_acc:88.4%,Test_loss:0.333
Epoch:11, Train_acc:91.6%, Train_loss:0.323, Test_acc:91.1%,Test_loss:0.296
Epoch:12, Train_acc:91.1%, Train_loss:0.295, Test_acc:91.6%,Test_loss:0.272
Epoch:13, Train_acc:91.1%, Train_loss:0.302, Test_acc:88.4%,Test_loss:0.286
Epoch:14, Train_acc:92.3%, Train_loss:0.325, Test_acc:91.6%,Test_loss:0.278
Epoch:15, Train_acc:91.6%, Train_loss:0.308, Test_acc:88.9%,Test_loss:0.303
Epoch:16, Train_acc:93.4%, Train_loss:0.252, Test_acc:92.4%,Test_loss:0.251
Epoch:17, Train_acc:93.8%, Train_loss:0.265, Test_acc:92.0%,Test_loss:0.238
Epoch:18, Train_acc:92.9%, Train_loss:0.240, Test_acc:91.6%,Test_loss:0.227
Epoch:19, Train_acc:93.8%, Train_loss:0.233, Test_acc:91.1%,Test_loss:0.230
Epoch:20, Train_acc:93.1%, Train_loss:0.247, Test_acc:90.7%,Test_loss:0.518
Done
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#隐藏警告
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") #忽略警告信息
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] # 用来正常显示中文标签
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False # 用来正常显示负号
plt.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 100 #分辨率
epochs_range = range(epochs)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 3))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(epochs_range, train_acc, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, test_acc, label='Test Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, train_loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, test_loss, label='Test Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()
local_test_image = PIL.Image.open ("./p3_testdata/r1.jpg").convert('RGB')
#local_test_data = torchvision.transforms.functional.resize(local_test_data,[224,224])
local_transforms = transforms.Compose([
transforms.Resize([224, 224]), # 将输入图片resize成统一尺寸
transforms.ToTensor(), # 将PIL Image或numpy.ndarray转换为tensor,并归一化到[0,1]之间
])
local_test_data = local_transforms(local_test_image)
PIL.Image.open ("./p3_testdata/r1.jpg").convert('RGB')##显示照片
_,result=torch.max(model(local_test_data.to(device).unsqueeze(0)),1)
classeNames[result]
'rain'