try-with-resources自JDK7引入,在JDK9中进行了改进,使得用户可以更加方便、简洁的使用try-with-resources。
下面是一个常见的文件资源关闭的示例:
BufferedWriter writer = null;
try {
writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(file, charset);
writer.write(s, 0, s.length());
} catch (IOException x) {
System.err.format("IOException: %s%n", x);
} finally {
if (writer != null) writer.close();
}
因此在JDK7之前,必须要牢记在finally中执行关闭资源的方法,否则随着程序不断运行,资源泄露将会累计成重大的生产事故,然而如果你同时打开多个资源,那么将会出现噩梦般的场景。
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BufferedInputStream bin = null;
BufferedOutputStream bout = null;
try {
bin = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File("test.txt")));
bout = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("out.txt")));
int b;
while ((b = bin.read()) != -1) {
bout.write(b);
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally {
if (bin != null) {
try {
bin.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
finally {
if (bout != null) {
try {
bout.close();
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
关闭资源的代码竟然比业务代码还要多!!!这是因为,我们不仅需要关闭BufferedInputStream,还需要保证如果关闭BufferedInputStream时出现了异常, BufferedOutputStream也要能被正确地关闭。所以我们不得不借助finally中嵌套finally大法。可以想到,打开的资源越多,finally中嵌套的将会越深!!!
我们可以利用Java 1.7中新增的try-with-resource语法糖来打开资源,而无需码农们自己书写资源来关闭代码。
public class TryWithResource {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try (BufferedInputStream bin = new BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(new File("test.txt")));
BufferedOutputStream bout = new BufferedOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(new File("out.txt")))) {
int b;
while ((b = bin.read()) != -1) {
bout.write(b);
}
}
catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Demo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try(Resource res = new Resource()) {
res.doSome();
} catch(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class Resource implements AutoCloseable {
void doSome() {
System.out.println("do something");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("resource is closed");
}
}
输出结果:
do something
resource is closed
public class Main2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try(ResourceSome some = new ResourceSome();
ResourceOther other = new ResourceOther()) {
some.doSome();
other.doOther();
} catch(Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
class ResourceSome implements AutoCloseable {
void doSome() {
System.out.println("do something");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("some resource is closed");
}
}
class ResourceOther implements AutoCloseable {
void doOther() {
System.out.println("do other things");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("other resource is closed");
}
}
输出结果
do something
do other things
other resource is closed
some resource is closed
==可以看到在 try 语句中越是最后使用的资源,越是最早被关闭。 ==
private static void testAutoClose() {
AutoCloseable global_obj1 = null;
AutoCloseable global_obj2 = null;
try(AutoCloseable obj1 = new AutoClosedImpl("obj1");
AutoCloseable obj2 = new AutoClosedImpl("obj2");){
global_obj1= obj1;
int i = 1/0;
global_obj2= obj2;
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
try{
System.out.println("before finally close");
if(global_obj1!=null){
global_obj1.close();
}
if(global_obj2!=null){
global_obj2.close();
}
System.out.println("after finally close");
} catch(Exception e){
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
private static class AutoClosedImpl implements AutoCloseable{
private String name;
public AutoClosedImpl(String name){
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println(name+" closing");
}
}
执行testAutoClose()方法,会打印出如下结果
obj2 closing
obj1 closing
before finally close
obj1 closing
after finally close
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at trywithresources.AutoCloseTest.testAutoClose(AutoCloseTest.java:60)
at trywithresources.AutoCloseTest.main(AutoCloseTest.java:12)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:120)
JDK1.7开始,java引入了 try-with-resources 声明,将 try-catch-finally 简化为 try-catch,这其实是一种语法糖,在编译时会进行转化为 try-catch-finally 语句。新的声明包含三部分:try-with-resources 声明、try 块、catch 块。它要求在 try-with-resources 声明中定义的变量实现了 AutoCloseable 接口,这样在系统可以自动调用它们的close方法,从而替代了finally中关闭资源的功能。
但是,它们的异常抛出机制发生了变化。在过去的 try-catch-finally 结构中,我们在finally块中关闭资源通常是这样的:
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(); // 第一处异常处理
}
finally {
try {
if (c != null) {
c.close();
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace(); // 第二处异常处理
}
}
异常处理有两种情况:
try 块没有发生异常时,直接调用finally块,如果 close 发生异常,就处理。
try 块发生异常,catch 块捕捉,进行第一处异常处理,然后调用 finally 块,如果 close 发生异常,就进行第二处异常处理。
但是在 try-with-resources 结构中,异常处理也有两种情况(注意,不论 try 中是否有异常,都会首先自动执行 close 方法,然后才判断是否进入 catch 块,建议阅读后面的反编译代码):
try 块没有发生异常时,自动调用 close 方法,如果发生异常,catch 块捕捉并处理异常。
try 块发生异常,然后自动调用 close 方法,如果 close 也发生异常,catch 块只会捕捉 try 块抛出的异常,close 方法的异常会在catch 中被压制,但是你可以在catch块中,用 Throwable.getSuppressed 方法来获取到压制异常的数组。
我们可以通过自定义的 AutoCloseable 类来理解这个过程。
public class Main {
public static void startTest() {
try (MyAutoCloseA a = new MyAutoCloseA();
MyAutoCloseB b = new MyAutoCloseB()) {
a.test();
b.test();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Main: exception");
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
Throwable[] suppressed = e.getSuppressed();
for (int i = 0; i < suppressed.length; i++)
System.out.println(suppressed[i].getMessage());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
startTest();
}
}
/* 输出为:
MyAutoCloaseA: test()
MyAutoCloseB: on close
MyAutoCloseA: on close()
Main: exception
MyAutoCloaseA: test() IOException
MyAutoCloaseB: close() ClassNotFoundException
MyAutoCloaseA: close() ClassNotFoundException
*/
class MyAutoCloseA implements AutoCloseable {
public void test() throws IOException {
System.out.println("MyAutoCloaseA: test()");
throw new IOException("MyAutoCloaseA: test() IOException");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("MyAutoCloseA: on close()");
throw new ClassNotFoundException("MyAutoCloaseA: close() ClassNotFoundException");
}
}
class MyAutoCloseB implements AutoCloseable {
public void test() throws IOException {
System.out.println("MyAutoCloaseB: test()");
throw new IOException("MyAutoCloaseB: test() IOException");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("MyAutoCloseB: on close");
throw new ClassNotFoundException("MyAutoCloaseB: close() ClassNotFoundException");
}
}
public static void startTest() {
try {
MyAutoCloseA a = new MyAutoCloseA();
Throwable var33 = null;
try {
MyAutoCloseB b = new MyAutoCloseB();
Throwable var3 = null;
try { // 我们定义的 try 块
a.test();
b.test();
} catch (Throwable var28) { // try 块中抛出的异常
var3 = var28;
throw var28;
} finally {
if (b != null) {
// 如果 try 块中抛出异常,就将 close 中的异常(如果有)附加为压制异常
if (var3 != null) {
try {
b.close();
} catch (Throwable var27) {
var3.addSuppressed(var27);
}
} else { // 如果 try 块没有抛出异常,就直接关闭,可能会抛出关闭异常
b.close();
}
}
}
} catch (Throwable var30) {
var33 = var30;
throw var30;
} finally {
if (a != null) {
if (var33 != null) {
try {
a.close();
} catch (Throwable var26) {
var33.addSuppressed(var26);
}
} else {
a.close();
}
}
}
// 所有的异常在这里交给 catch 块处理
} catch (Exception var32) { // 我们定义的 catch 块
System.out.println("Main: exception");
System.out.println(var32.getMessage());
Throwable[] suppressed = var32.getSuppressed();
for(int i = 0; i < suppressed.length; ++i) {
System.out.println(suppressed[i].getMessage());
}
}
}
我还想补充的是:
catch 块中,看不到 try-with-recourse 声明中的变量。
try-with-recourse 中,try 块中抛出的异常,在 e.getMessage() 可以获得,而调用 close() 方法抛出的异常在e.getSuppressed() 获得。
try-with-recourse 中定义多个变量时,由反编译可知,关闭的顺序是从后往前。
作为 Milling Project Coin 的一部分, try-with-resources 中变量的声明在 JDK 9 已得到改进。如果你已经有一个资源是 final 或等效于 final 变量,您可以在 try-with-resources 语句中直接使用该变量,而无需在 try-with-resources 语句中声明一个新变量。
// A final resource
final Resource resource1 = new Resource("resource1");
// An effectively final resource
Resource resource2 = new Resource("resource2");
try (Resource r1 = resource1;
Resource r2 = resource2) {
// 使用resource1 and resource 2 通过变量r1 and r2.
}
// A final resource
final Resource resource1 = new Resource("resource1");
// An effectively final resource
Resource resource2 = new Resource("resource2");
try (resource1;
resource2) {
// 直接使用 resource1 and resource 2.
}
try-with-resources异常处理流程示例
try-with-resource异常处理机制
深入理解Java try-with-resource