windows10搭建rust开发环境遇到error: linking with `x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc` failed: exit code: 1问题的解决过程

之前一直是在ubuntu下开发rust，某天心血来潮，想在windows下搭建个开发环境
我的环境是windows10。
在windows下进行rust开发，编译器有两个选择要么是msvc，要么是MinGW。
msvc不多说，微软自家的C++编译器。

MinGW，是Minimalist GNU for Windows的缩写。它是一个可自由使用和自由发布的Windows特定头文件和使用GNU工具集导入库的集合，允许你在GNU/Linux和Windows平台生成本地的Windows程序而不需要第三方C运行时（C Runtime）库。
引自百度百科

在搭建过程中，也参考了大部分网友。比如，百度出来的，在编译器的选择上，大部分网友是选择了x86_64-pc-windows-gnu

选择gnu

我也是按照这个步骤装的，装好之后，跑了个简单的hello world例子。是一个简单的web请求，web框架用的是salvo，salvo是我们国人写的rust web框架，它的官网是：Salvo - Simplest Rust Web Framework
cargo.toml如下：

[package]
name = "demo"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[dependencies]
salvo = "0.31"
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["macros"] }

main.rs的代码如下：

use salvo::prelude::*;

#[handler]
async fn hello()-> &'static str {
    "hello index..."
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    println!("Hello, world!");
    let router = Router::new().get(hello);
    Server::new(TcpListener::bind("0.0.0.0:8080")).serve(router).await;
}

项目结构如下，例子中build.rs是不必要的，下面会讲到为什么需要它，以及它的内容。

web例子.png

例子写好了，点击编译运行，结果一下子就报错了。

Compiling demo v0.1.0 (E:\project\rust\demo)
error: linking with `x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc` failed: exit code: 1
  |
  = note: "x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc" "-fno-use-linker-plugin" "-Wl,--dynamicbase" "-Wl,--disable-auto-image-base" "-m64" "-Wl,--high-entropy-va" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\self-contained\\crt2.o" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rsbegin.o" "C:\\Users\\ADMINI~1\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\rustcaIBguq\\symbols.o" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\demo-d6adf1e61cf8f17a.10ri5ab9rfhf5k8h.rcgu.o" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\demo-d6adf1e61cf8f17a.1107jcmgsjcu3enk.rcgu.o" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\demo-d6adf1e61cf8f17a.13b9hdlcjyh5xul7.rcgu.o" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\demo-d6adf1e61cf8f17a.13j1u8i1wsn53mza.rcgu.o" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\demo-d6adf1e61cf8f17a.13z0akgfzd67hed8.rcgu.o" 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"E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libenumflags2-41904cde15dffde6.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libinflector-6d1c4086aae64b03.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\liblazy_static-bf83e0f1c2c107f8.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libregex-621e9a56065e0bef.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libaho_corasick-daf44e0f373e0778.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libregex_syntax-0533a2caa26d3229.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libserde-79e8a0720f8e0b1c.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libmime-4b5c2055228aafdd.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libhyper-eb1f742fa8b98ca0.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libwant-071d6aaa50ad8f23.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libtry_lock-6da9e8de26d321e2.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libhttparse-ac543adba566c675.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libh2-61fdef49772b5e2c.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libindexmap-2bc4ea955b3e3aa0.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libhashbrown-e59b3db03d31a3c5.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libtokio_util-953e27bd968ad1af.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfutures_sink-baf090001090f196.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libtower_service-693aca6a299bb032.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libtracing-8cdf945c487a9f39.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libtracing_core-bb0b86747f098567.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libonce_cell-f5308de4205c2340.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfutures_channel-a1eb9c2146f10d45.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libhttp_body-43848ee1906beb0c.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfutures_util-aa53b8f5a5b9e840.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfutures_io-0ce88ade811e4b29.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libslab-93878fa209738e18.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfutures_task-e13003158ea9af11.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libpin_utils-14af90acd8154020.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfutures_core-2cd8b75856fbde56.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libtokio-9583b3935527f1ec.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libnum_cpus-20a37198399e911a.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libsocket2-fc7847dbe06fe032.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libmemchr-1365e87fbfb3bef2.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libmio-e2d0e15f6eeea8ea.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libwindows_sys-50fa08d426f0b204.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\liblog-2d3f6a1ac0c1b8eb.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libcfg_if-72a8b291ac67dff6.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libwinapi-19af7da2270ed3f8.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libpin_project_lite-544a20b554575466.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libhttpdate-3be360c23ba51f4d.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libhttp-e1ff65b4454f11bc.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libitoa-56ceb377788657c4.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libbytes-bab31de51f324f85.rlib" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\libfnv-05d66c9dc72c7a1d.rlib" "-Wl,--start-group" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libstd-63790cb7e7741ec2.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libpanic_unwind-abcb1ca87a57a92a.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libobject-0fad8685c6bded4b.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libmemchr-3299e57f1789d89d.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libaddr2line-46e569780d4cdb16.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libgimli-7f2b28079033f1f7.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\librustc_demangle-a8f70e26f876b556.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libstd_detect-df1b92243550b9d9.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libhashbrown-a4978b2adb8ed9b0.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libminiz_oxide-2ca1626763a5b906.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libadler-1f2ee56578e6e126.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\librustc_std_workspace_alloc-c63afc13f98349ad.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libunwind-f98069f5498f6844.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libcfg_if-760411fe92f24889.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\liblibc-de2a474a231ed78a.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\liballoc-b868ffdbcdd15814.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\librustc_std_workspace_core-ca51229fadfc456b.rlib" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libcore-bf3f327639d6dfed.rlib" "-Wl,--end-group" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\libcompiler_builtins-d28d62d9ae273cdf.rlib" "-Wl,-Bdynamic" "-ladvapi32" "-lntdll" "-lwindows" "-lwinapi_advapi32" "-lwinapi_cfgmgr32" "-lwinapi_fwpuclnt" "-lwinapi_kernel32" "-lwinapi_ntdll" "-lwinapi_user32" "-lwinapi_ws2_32" "-ladvapi32" "-luserenv" "-lkernel32" "-lws2_32" "-lbcrypt" "-lgcc_eh" "-l:libpthread.a" "-lmsvcrt" "-lmingwex" "-lmingw32" "-lgcc" "-lmsvcrt" "-luser32" "-lkernel32" "-Wl,--nxcompat" "-nostartfiles" "-L" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib" "-L" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\self-contained" "-o" "E:\\project\\rust\\demo\\target\\debug\\deps\\demo-d6adf1e61cf8f17a.exe" "-Wl,--gc-sections" "-no-pie" "-nodefaultlibs" "E:\\tools\\rust\\rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rustlib\\x86_64-pc-windows-gnu\\lib\\rsend.o"
  = note: ld: cannot find -lntdll


error: could not compile `demo` due to previous error

 *  终端进程“E:\tools\rust\cargo\bin\cargo.exe 'run', '--package', 'demo', '--bin', 'demo'”已终止，退出代码: 101。 
 *  终端将被任务重用，按任意键关闭。

注意下面这句：

note: ld: cannot find -lntdll

意思是找不到ntdll这个库，这是什么，我是第一次看到，于是去搜搜，搜到下面这篇文章，百度搜了好久，硬是没搜到，通过google才搜到的，文章链接：Linking NTDLL in Rust application using Cygwin ...anycodings
截图如下，不想打开原文的，就看截图就得了，打开文章，还经常跳广告出来

build1.png

build2.png

文章的意思，主要告诉我们，在项目的根目录建立一个build.rs，在里面告诉cargo，去哪里找那个ntdll库，我试着在c盘system32目录，果然真的找到它了。
关于build.rs的作用，大家可以看这篇文章：Rust Cargo使用指南 | 第十七篇 | 构建脚本 build.rs - 知乎 (zhihu.com)
好了，到这步，build.rs的内容如下：

fn main() {
    println!(r"cargo:rustc-link-search=C:\Windows\System32");
}

点击编译运行，不报ntdll找不到了，说明build.rs起作用了，可是报其他库的问题了。
再这样下去，我觉得不行了，搞定一个库，又出其他库的问题，完了，这样搞下去，会是个死循环，搞不完的。
开始怀疑编译器的问题，msvc和gnu两个是不兼容的编译器，怎么说呢，意思是用了msvc编译的库，那么这个库也只能引用msvc编译的依赖库；gnu也是一样。
我想既然在windows下编写，那就用回msvc编译器吧。大家不用担心自己写的代码，会不会就不跨平台了，没事，代码到时到linux或mac对应的编译下就好了。
rustup和cargo卸了，重装，在安装时让它默认的 x86_64-pc-windows-msvc，不修改为 x86_64-pc-windows-gnu 了。然后就一路安装下去。
装完后，再来项目编译运行，一下子就跑起来了，然后build.rs可有可无了。
经过这一波折腾，着实不容易。我觉得在windows平台，还是用msvc好了，别折腾gnu了，或者可能有更好的选择，我没研究出来。
我在一些rust学习群里，咨询了一下大家的选择

msvc与gnu.jpg

msvc与gnu-2.jpg

好了，就研究到这吧，希望对有需要的网友提供一定的帮助。