多层感知机（multilayer perceptron，MLP）
从联立后的式子可以看出，虽然神经网络引入了隐藏层，却依然等价于一个单层神经网络：其中输出层权重参数为，偏差参数为。不难发现，即便再添加更多的隐藏层，以上设计依然只能与仅含输出层的单层神经网络等价。
上述问题的根源在于全连接层只是对数据做仿射变换（affine transformation），而多个仿射变换的叠加仍然是一个仿射变换。解决问题的一个方法是引入非线性变换，例如对隐藏变量使用按元素运算的非线性函数进行变换，然后再作为下一个全连接层的输入。这个非线性函数被称为激活函数（activation function）。
代码
# 【1】导包
%matplotlib inline
import torch
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
print(torch.__version__)
# 【2】定义绘图函数
def xyplot(x_vals, y_vals, name):
# d2l.set_figsize(figsize=(5, 2.5))
plt.plot(x_vals.detach().numpy(), y_vals.detach().numpy())
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel(name + '(x)')
# 【3】 画出RELU函数的图像
x = torch.arange(-8.0, 8.0, 0.1, requires_grad=True)
y = x.relu()
xyplot(x, y, 'relu')
# 【4】 RELU函数求导
y.sum().backward()
xyplot(x, x.grad, 'grad of relu')
# 【5】 Sigmoid函数图像及求导
y = x.sigmoid()
xyplot(x, y, 'sigmoid')
x.grad.zero_()
y.sum().backward()
xyplot(x, x.grad, 'grad of sigmoid')
# 【6】 tanh函数图像及求导
y = x.tanh()
xyplot(x, y, 'tanh')
x.grad.zero_()
y.sum().backward()
xyplot(x, x.grad, 'grad of tanh')
多层感知机的定义多层感知机就是含有至少一个隐藏层的由全连接层组成的神经网络，且每个隐藏层的输出通过激活函数进行变换
代码
# 【1】导包
import torch
import numpy as np
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
print(torch.__version__)
# 【2】 获取训练集
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size,root='/home/kesci/input/FashionMNIST2065')
# 【3】 定义模型参数
num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
W1 = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_inputs, num_hiddens)), dtype=torch.float)
b1 = torch.zeros(num_hiddens, dtype=torch.float)
W2 = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_hiddens, num_outputs)), dtype=torch.float)
b2 = torch.zeros(num_outputs, dtype=torch.float)
params = [W1, b1, W2, b2]
for param in params:
param.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
# 【4】 定义激活函数
def relu(X):
return torch.max(input=X, other=torch.tensor(0.0))
# 【5】 定义网络
def net(X):
X = X.view((-1, num_inputs))
H = relu(torch.matmul(X, W1) + b1)
return torch.matmul(H, W2) + b2
# 【6】 定义损失函数
loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
# 【7】 训练
num_epochs, lr = 5, 100.0
# def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size,
# params=None, lr=None, optimizer=None):
# for epoch in range(num_epochs):
# train_l_sum, train_acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0
# for X, y in train_iter:
# y_hat = net(X)
# l = loss(y_hat, y).sum()
#
# # 梯度清零
# if optimizer is not None:
# optimizer.zero_grad()
# elif params is not None and params[0].grad is not None:
# for param in params:
# param.grad.data.zero_()
#
# l.backward()
# if optimizer is None:
# d2l.sgd(params, lr, batch_size)
# else:
# optimizer.step() # “softmax回归的简洁实现”一节将用到
#
#
# train_l_sum += l.item()
# train_acc_sum += (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).sum().item()
# n += y.shape[0]
# test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)
# print('epoch %d, loss %.4f, train acc %.3f, test acc %.3f'
# % (epoch + 1, train_l_sum / n, train_acc_sum / n, test_acc))
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size, params, lr)
# 多层感知机的pytorch实现
# 【1】 导包
import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.nn import init
import numpy as np
import sys
sys.path.append("/home/kesci/input")
import d2lzh1981 as d2l
print(torch.__version__)
# 【2】 初始化模型参数
num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
net = nn.Sequential(
d2l.FlattenLayer(),
nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_hiddens),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(num_hiddens, num_outputs),
)
for params in net.parameters():
init.normal_(params, mean=0, std=0.01)
# 【3】 训练
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size,root='/home/kesci/input/FashionMNIST2065')
loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.5)
num_epochs = 5
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size, None, None, optimizer)