利用opencv从USB摄像头获取图片 获得摄像头编号

本文转自博客园-Arkenstone
由于opencv自带的VideoCapture函数直接从usb摄像头获取视频数据，所以用这个来作为实时的图像来源用于实体检测识别是很方便的。

1. 安装opencv
   安装的步骤可以按照之前这个文章操作。如果在测试的时候：

cam = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
print cam.isOpend()

返回了False，很有可能是在安装的时候cmake的配置没有设置后，可以make uninstall之后重新cmake。

2. 安装usb摄像头驱动（这个一般都不需要）
   如果系统没有预装usb摄像头的驱动，那么根据所用的摄像头安装相应的驱动即可。安装完之后可以用lsusb或者v4l2-ctl --list-device`命令查看当前链接的usb设备来确认。这里我们使用的摄像头是罗技c930e。

3. 设置摄像头参数
   设置可以在脚本中用opencv或者在命令行用v4l2-ctl命令设置：
   1）. opencv

0. CV_CAP_PROP_POS_MSEC Current position of the video file in milliseconds.
1. CV_CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES 0-based index of the frame to be decoded/captured next.
3. CV_CAP_PROP_POS_AVI_RATIO Relative position of the video file
4. CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH Width of the frames in the video stream.
5. CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT Height of the frames in the video stream.
6. CV_CAP_PROP_FPS Frame rate.
7. CV_CAP_PROP_FOURCC 4-character code of codec.
8. CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT Number of frames in the video file.
9. CV_CAP_PROP_FORMAT Format of the Mat objects returned by retrieve() .
10. CV_CAP_PROP_MODE Backend-specific value indicating the current capture mode.
11. CV_CAP_PROP_BRIGHTNESS Brightness of the image (only for cameras).
12. CV_CAP_PROP_CONTRAST Contrast of the image (only for cameras).
13. CV_CAP_PROP_SATURATION Saturation of the image (only for cameras).
14. CV_CAP_PROP_HUE Hue of the image (only for cameras).
15. CV_CAP_PROP_GAIN Gain of the image (only for cameras).
16. CV_CAP_PROP_EXPOSURE Exposure (only for cameras).
17. CV_CAP_PROP_CONVERT_RGB Boolean flags indicating whether images should be converted to RGB.
18. CV_CAP_PROP_WHITE_BALANCE Currently unsupported
19. CV_CAP_PROP_RECTIFICATION Rectification flag for stereo cameras (note: only supported by DC1394 v 2.x backend currently)

set camera properties

cam.set(4, 1280)     # img width，第一个数字对应上述属性
cam.set(5, 640)     # img height
cam.set(6, 24)      # video FPS

2). v4l2-ctl
首先用v4l2-ctl --list-device确定usb摄像头的device编号(一般为/dev/video0)，然后查看该设备可以设置的参数：

v4l2-ctl -d /dev/video0 --list-ctrls

罗技c930e摄像头的参数如下：

 brightness (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=-8193 value=128
                       contrast (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=57343 value=128
                     saturation (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=57343 value=128
 white_balance_temperature_auto (bool)   : default=1 value=1
                           gain (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=57343 value=0
           power_line_frequency (menu)   : min=0 max=2 default=2 value=2
      white_balance_temperature (int)    : min=2000 max=6500 step=1 default=57343 value=4000 flags=inactive
                      sharpness (int)    : min=0 max=255 step=1 default=57343 value=128
         backlight_compensation (int)    : min=0 max=1 step=1 default=57343 value=0
                  exposure_auto (menu)   : min=0 max=3 default=0 value=3
              exposure_absolute (int)    : min=3 max=2047 step=1 default=250 value=250 flags=inactive
         exposure_auto_priority (bool)   : default=0 value=1
                   pan_absolute (int)    : min=-36000 max=36000 step=3600 default=0 value=0
                  tilt_absolute (int)    : min=-36000 max=36000 step=3600 default=0 value=0
                 focus_absolute (int)    : min=0 max=250 step=5 default=8189 value=0 flags=inactive
                     focus_auto (bool)   : default=1 value=1
                  zoom_absolute (int)    : min=100 max=500 step=1 default=57343 value=100

最后可以可以设置参数了：

v4l2-ctl --set-ctrl=zoom_absolute=200 #放大两倍
4. opencv获取图片
这个就很简单了，这里就说明下用waitKey参数来用键盘输入控制视频流：

import cv2

cam = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
img_counter = 0
while cam.isOpened():
    ret, frame = cam.read()
    cv2.imshow("test", frame)
    if not ret:
        break
    key = cv2.waitKey(1) & 0xFF

    if key == 27: 
        # press ESC to escape (ESC ASCII value: 27)
        print("Escape hit, closing...")
        break
    elif key == 32:
        # press Space to capture image (Space ASCII value: 32)
        img_name = "opencv_frame_{}.png".format(img_counter)
        cv2.imwrite(img_name, frame)
        print("{} written!".format(img_name))
        img_counter += 1
    else:
        pass
cam.release()
cv2.destroyAllWindows()

PS:waitKey(1) & 0xFF获取当前按的键的ascii码，如果要用其他键来控制，用相应键的ascii码替换即可。（ascii码查询）。

参考
http://docs.opencv.org/2.4/modules/highgui/doc/reading_and_writing_images_and_video.html#videocapture
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11420748/setting-camera-parameters-in-opencv-python
http://kurokesu.com/main/2016/01/16/manual-usb-camera-settings-in-linux/
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/34588464/python-how-to-capture-image-from-webcam-on-click-using-opencv
http://help.adobe.com/en_US/AS2LCR/Flash_10.0/help.html?content=00000520.html