容器管理工具-Containerd

轻量级或工业级容器管理工具 Containerd

一、Containerd介绍

1.0 前言

• 早在2016年3月，Docker 1.11的Docker Engine里就包含了containerd，而现在则是把containerd从Docker Engine里彻底剥离出来，作为一个独立的开源项目独立发展，目标是提供一个更加开放、稳定的容器运行基础设施。和原先包含在Docker Engine里containerd相比，独立的containerd将具有更多的功能，可以涵盖整个容器运行时管理的所有需求。

• containerd并不是直接面向最终用户的，而是主要用于集成到更上层的系统里，比如Swarm, Kubernetes, Mesos等容器编排系统。

• containerd以Daemon的形式运行在系统上，通过暴露底层的gRPC API，上层系统可以通过这些API管理机器上的容器。
• 每个containerd只负责一台机器，Pull镜像，对容器的操作(启动、停止等)，网络，存储都是由containerd完成。具体运行容器由runC负责，实际上只要是符合OCI规范的容器都可以支持。
• 对于容器编排服务来说，运行时只需要使用containerd+runC，更加轻量，容易管理。
• 独立之后containerd的特性演进可以和Docker Engine分开，专注容器运行时管理，可以更稳定。

1.1 Containerd前世今生

2013年docker公司在推出docker产品后,由于其对全球技术产生了一定的影响力，Google公司明显感觉到自己公司内部所使用的Brog系统江湖地位受到的威胁，希望Docker公司能够与自己联合打造一款开源的容器运行时作为Docker核心依赖，但Docker公司拒绝了；接着Google公司联合RedHat、IBM等公司说服Docker公司把其容器核心技术libcontainer捐给中立社区(OCI,Open Container Intiative)，并更名为runC。 为了进一步遏制Docker在未来技术市场影响力，避免在容器市场上Docker一家独大，Google公司带领导RedHat、IBM等成立了CNCF(Cloud Native Computing Fundation)基金会，即云原生计算基金会。CNCF的目标很明确，既然在容器应用领域无法与Docker相抗衡，那就做Google更有经验的技术市场------大规模容器编排应用场景，Google公司把自己内部使用的Brog系统开源------Kubernetes，也就是我们今天所说的云原生技术生态。

2016年Docker公司推出了Docker Swarm，意在一统Docker生态，让Docker既可以实现容器应用管理，也可以实现大规模容器编排，经过近1年左右时间的市场验证后，发现在容器编排方面无法独立抗衡kubernetes,所以Docker公司于2017年正式宣布原生支持Kubernetes,至此，Docker在大规模容器编排应用市场败下阵来，但是Docker依然不甘心失败，把Docker核心依赖Containerd捐给了CNCF，依此说明Docker依旧是一个PaaS平台。

2020年CNCF基金会宣布Kubernetes 1.20版本将不再仅支持Docker容器管理工具，此事的起因主要也与Docker捐给CNCF基金会的Containerd有关，早期为了实现Kubernetes能够使用Docker实现容器管理，专门在Kubernetes组件中集成一个shim(垫片)技术，用来将Kubernetes容器运行时接口(CRI，Container Runntime Interface)调用翻译成Docker的API,这样就可以很好地使用Docker了，但是随着Kubernetes在全球技术市场的广泛应用，有更多的容器管理工具的出现，它们都想能够借助于Kubernetes被用户所使用，所以就提出标准化容器运行时接口，只要适配了这个接口就可以集成到Kubernetes生态当中，所以Kubernetes取消了对shim的维护，并且由于Containerd技术的成功，可以实现无缝对接Kubernetes，所以接下来Kubernetes容器运行时的主角是Containerd。

1.2 Containerd架构

1.2.1 架构图

Containerd设计的目的是为了嵌入到Kubernetes中使用，它是一个工业级的容器运行时，不提供给开发人员和终端用户直接使用，这样就避免了与Docker产生竞争，但事实上，Containerd已经实现大多数容器管理功能，例如：容器生命周期管理、容器镜像传输和管理、容器存储与网络管理等。

• Containerd 采用标准的 C/S 架构

  • 服务端通过 GRPC 协议提供稳定的 API
  • 客户端通过调用服务端的 API 进行高级的操作

• 为了实现解耦，Containerd 将不同的职责划分给不同的组件，每个组件就相当于一个子系统(subsystem)。连接不同子系统的组件被称为模块。

• Containerd 两大子系统为：

  • Bundle : 在 Containerd 中，Bundle 包含了配置、元数据和根文件系统数据，你可以理解为容器的文件系统。而 Bundle 子系统允许用户从镜像中提取和打包 Bundles。
  • Runtime : Runtime 子系统用来执行 Bundles，比如创建容器。

  其中，每一个子系统的行为都由一个或多个模块协作完成(架构图中的 Core 部分)。每一种类型的模块都以插件的形式集成到 Containerd 中，而且插件之间是相互依赖的。

  例如，上图中的每一个长虚线的方框都表示一种类型的插件，包括 Service Plugin、Metadata Plugin、GC Plugin、Runtime Plugin 等，其中 Service Plugin 又会依赖 Metadata Plugin、GC Plugin 和 Runtime Plugin。每一个小方框都表示一个细分的插件，例如 Metadata Plugin 依赖 Containers Plugin、Content Plugin 等。

1.2.2 常用插件

• Content Plugin : 提供对镜像中可寻址内容的访问，所有不可变的内容都被存储在这里。
• Snapshot Plugin : 用来管理容器镜像的文件系统快照。镜像中的每一个 layer 都会被解压成文件系统快照，类似于 Docker 中的 graphdriver。
• Metrics : 暴露各个组件的监控指标。

1.2.3 架构缩略图

Containerd 被分为三个大块：Storage、Metadata 和 Runtime

1.2.4 与其它容器运行时工具性能对比

这是使用 bucketbench 对 Docker、crio 和 Containerd 的性能测试结果，包括启动、停止和删除容器，以比较它们所耗的时间：

结论： Containerd 在各个方面都表现良好，总体性能优于 Docker 和 crio 。

二、Containerd安装

课程操作系统环境为centos7u6

2.1 YUM方式安装

2.1.1 获取YUM源

~~~powershell 获取阿里云YUM源

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

~~~

~~~powershell 查看YUM源中Containerd软件

yum list | grep containerd

containerd.io.x86_64 1.4.12-3.1.el7 docker-ce-stable ~~~

2.1.2 使用yum命令安装

~~~powershell 安装Containerd.io软件，即可安装Containerd

yum -y install containerd.io

~~~

2.1.3 验证安装及启动服务

~~~powershell 使用rpm -qa命令查看是否安装

rpm -qa | grep containerd

containerd.io-1.4.12-3.1.el7.x86_64 ~~~

~~~powershell 设置containerd服务启动及开机自启动

systemctl enable containerd

systemctl start containerd

~~~

~~~powershell 查看containerd服务启动状态

systemctl status containerd

● containerd.service - containerd container runtime Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since 五 2022-02-18 11:38:30 CST; 9s ago 此行第二列及第三列表示其正在运行状态 Docs: https://containerd.io Process: 59437 ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 59439 (containerd) Tasks: 7 Memory: 19.5M CGroup: /system.slice/containerd.service └─59439 /usr/bin/containerd ...... ~~~

2.1.4 验证可用性

~~~powershell 安装Containerd时ctr命令亦可使用，ctr命令主要用于管理容器及容器镜像等。 使用ctr命令查看Containerd客户端及服务端相关信息。

ctr version

Client: Version: 1.4.12 Revision: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d Go version: go1.16.10

Server: Version: 1.4.12 Revision: 7b11cfaabd73bb80907dd23182b9347b4245eb5d UUID: 3c4b142d-d91d-44a5-aae2-9673785d4b2c ~~~

2.2 二进制方式安装

Containerd有两种安装包：

• 第一种是containerd-xxx,这种包用于单机测试没问题，不包含runC，需要提前安装。
• 第二种是cri-containerd-cni-xxxx，包含runc和k8s里的所需要的相关文件。k8s集群里需要用到此包。虽然包含runC，但是依赖系统中的seccomp(安全计算模式，是一种限制容器调用系统资源的模式。)

2.2.1 获取安装包

~~~powershell 下载Containerd安装包

wget https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.6.0/cri-containerd-cni-1.6.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz

~~~

2.2.2 安装并测试可用性

2.2.2.1 安装containerd

~~~powershell 查看已获取的安装包

ls

cri-containerd-cni-1.6.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz ~~~

~~~powershell 解压已下载的软件包

tar xf cri-containerd-cni-1.6.0-linux-amd64.tar.gz

~~~

~~~powershell 查看解压后目录

ls

etc opt usr ~~~

~~~powershell 查看etc目录，主要为containerd服务管理配置文件及cni虚拟网卡配置文件

ls etc

cni crictl.yaml systemd

ls etc/systemd/

system

ls etc/systemd/system/

containerd.service

查看opt目录，主要为gce环境中使用containerd配置文件及cni插件

ls opt

cni containerd

ls opt/containerd/

cluster

ls opt/containerd/cluster/

gce version

ls opt/containerd/cluster/gce

cloud-init cni.template configure.sh env

查看usr目录，主要为containerd运行时文件，包含runc

ls usr

local

ls usr/local/

bin sbin

ls usr/local/bin

containerd containerd-shim containerd-shim-runc-v1 containerd-shim-runc-v2 containerd-stress crictl critest ctd-decoder ctr

ls usr/local/sbin

runc ~~~

2.2.2.2 查看containerd安装位置

~~~powershell 查看containerd.service文件，了解containerd文件安装位置

cat etc/systemd/system/containerd.service

Copyright The containerd Authors.

#

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");

you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.

You may obtain a copy of the License at

#

http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

#

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software

distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,

WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.

See the License for the specific language governing permissions and

limitations under the License.

[Unit] Description=containerd container runtime Documentation=https://containerd.io After=network.target local-fs.target

[Service] ExecStartPre=-/sbin/modprobe overlay ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/containerd 查看此位置,把containerd二进制文件放置于此处即可完成安装。

Type=notify Delegate=yes KillMode=process Restart=always RestartSec=5

Having non-zero Limit*s causes performance problems due to accounting overhead

in the kernel. We recommend using cgroups to do container-local accounting.

LimitNPROC=infinity LimitCORE=infinity LimitNOFILE=infinity

Comment TasksMax if your systemd version does not supports it.

Only systemd 226 and above support this version.

TasksMax=infinity OOMScoreAdjust=-999

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ~~~

2.2.2.3 复制containerd运行时文件至系统

~~~powershell 查看宿主机/usr/local/bin目录，里面没有任何内容。

ls /usr/local/bin/

查看解压后usr/local/bin目录，里面包含containerd运行时文件

ls usr/

local

ls usr/local/

bin sbin

ls usr/local/bin/

containerd containerd-shim containerd-shim-runc-v1 containerd-shim-runc-v2 containerd-stress crictl critest ctd-decoder ctr

复制containerd文件至/usr/local/bin目录中，本次可仅复制containerd一个文件也可复制全部文件。

cp usr/local/bin/containerd /usr/local/bin/

ls /usr/local/bin/

containerd ~~~

2.2.2.4 添加containerd.service文件至系统

~~~powershell 查看解压后的etc/system目录

ls etc

cni crictl.yaml systemd

ls etc/systemd/

system

ls etc/systemd/system/

containerd.service

复制containerd服务管理配置文件至/usr/lib/systemd/system/目录中

cp etc/systemd/system/containerd.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service

查看复制后结果

ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service

/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service ~~~

2.2.2.5 查看containerd使用帮助

~~~powershell

containerd --help

NAME: containerd - _ _ _ __ _ / /_ ()_ _/ / / / _ \/ _ \/ _/ _ `/ / _ \/ _ \/ _/ _ / / // // / / / / // // / / / / / _/ / / // / _/_// //_/_,/// //_// _,_/

high performance container runtime

USAGE: containerd [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]

VERSION: v1.6.0

DESCRIPTION:

containerd is a high performance container runtime whose daemon can be started by using this command. If none of the config, publish, or help commands are specified, the default action of the containerd command is to start the containerd daemon in the foreground.

A default configuration is used if no TOML configuration is specified or located at the default file location. The containerd config command can be used to generate the default configuration for containerd. The output of that command can be used and modified as necessary as a custom configuration.

COMMANDS: config information on the containerd config publish binary to publish events to containerd oci-hook provides a base for OCI runtime hooks to allow arguments to be injected. help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command

GLOBAL OPTIONS: --config value, -c value path to the configuration file (default: "/etc/containerd/config.toml") --log-level value, -l value set the logging level [trace, debug, info, warn, error, fatal, panic] --address value, -a value address for containerd's GRPC server --root value containerd root directory --state value containerd state directory --help, -h show help --version, -v print the version ~~~

2.2.2.6 生成containerd模块配置文件

2.2.2.6.1 生成默认模块配置文件

Containerd 的默认配置文件为 /etc/containerd/config.toml，可以使用containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml命令创建一份模块配置文件

~~~powershell 创建配置文件目录

mkdir /etc/containerd

~~~

~~~powershell 生成配置文件

containerd config default > /etc/containerd/config.toml

~~~

~~~powershell 查看配置文件

cat /etc/containerd/config.toml

disabledplugins = [] imports = [] oomscore = 0 plugindir = "" requiredplugins = [] root = "/var/lib/containerd" state = "/run/containerd" temp = "" version = 2

[cgroup] path = ""

[debug] address = "" format = "" gid = 0 level = "" uid = 0

[grpc] address = "/run/containerd/containerd.sock" gid = 0 maxrecvmessagesize = 16777216 maxsendmessagesize = 16777216 tcpaddress = "" tcptlsca = "" tcptlscert = "" tcptls_key = "" uid = 0

[metrics] address = "" grpc_histogram = false

[plugins]

[plugins."io.containerd.gc.v1.scheduler"] deletionthreshold = 0 mutationthreshold = 100 pausethreshold = 0.02 scheduledelay = "0s" startup_delay = "100ms"

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"] deviceownershipfromsecuritycontext = false disableapparmor = false disablecgroup = false disablehugetlbcontroller = true disableprocmount = false disabletcpservice = true enableselinux = false enabletlsstreaming = false enableunprivilegedicmp = false enableunprivilegedports = false ignoreimagedefinedvolumes = false maxconcurrentdownloads = 3 maxcontainerloglinesize = 16384 netnsmountsunderstatedir = false restrictoomscoreadj = false sandboximage = "k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.6" 由于网络原因，此处被替换 selinuxcategoryrange = 1024 statscollectperiod = 10 streamidletimeout = "4h0m0s" streamserveraddress = "127.0.0.1" streamserverport = "0" systemdcgroup = false toleratemissinghugetlbcontroller = true unsetseccompprofile = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".cni]
  bin_dir = "/opt/cni/bin"
  conf_dir = "/etc/cni/net.d"
  conf_template = ""
  ip_pref = ""
  max_conf_num = 1

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd]
  default_runtime_name = "runc"
  disable_snapshot_annotations = true
  discard_unpacked_layers = false
  ignore_rdt_not_enabled_errors = false
  no_pivot = false
  snapshotter = "overlayfs"

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime]
    base_runtime_spec = ""
    cni_conf_dir = ""
    cni_max_conf_num = 0
    container_annotations = []
    pod_annotations = []
    privileged_without_host_devices = false
    runtime_engine = ""
    runtime_path = ""
    runtime_root = ""
    runtime_type = ""

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime.options]

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]
      base_runtime_spec = ""
      cni_conf_dir = ""
      cni_max_conf_num = 0
      container_annotations = []
      pod_annotations = []
      privileged_without_host_devices = false
      runtime_engine = ""
      runtime_path = ""
      runtime_root = ""
      runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
        BinaryName = ""
        CriuImagePath = ""
        CriuPath = ""
        CriuWorkPath = ""
        IoGid = 0
        IoUid = 0
        NoNewKeyring = false
        NoPivotRoot = false
        Root = ""
        ShimCgroup = ""
        SystemdCgroup = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime]
    base_runtime_spec = ""
    cni_conf_dir = ""
    cni_max_conf_num = 0
    container_annotations = []
    pod_annotations = []
    privileged_without_host_devices = false
    runtime_engine = ""
    runtime_path = ""
    runtime_root = ""
    runtime_type = ""

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime.options]

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".image_decryption]
  key_model = "node"

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
  config_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.auths]

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs]

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.headers]

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]

[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".x509_key_pair_streaming]
  tls_cert_file = ""
  tls_key_file = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.opt"] path = "/opt/containerd"

[plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.restart"] interval = "10s"

[plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.tracing"] samplingratio = 1.0 servicename = "containerd"

[plugins."io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"] contentsharingpolicy = "shared"

[plugins."io.containerd.monitor.v1.cgroups"] no_prometheus = false

[plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"] noshim = false runtime = "runc" runtimeroot = "" shim = "containerd-shim" shim_debug = false

[plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v2.task"] platforms = ["linux/amd64"] sched_core = false

[plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.diff-service"] default = ["walking"]

[plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.tasks-service"] rdtconfigfile = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.aufs"] root_path = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs"] root_path = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.devmapper"] asyncremove = false baseimagesize = "" discardblocks = false fsoptions = "" fstype = "" poolname = "" rootpath = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.native"] root_path = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs"] rootpath = "" upperdirlabel = false

[plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.zfs"] root_path = ""

[plugins."io.containerd.tracing.processor.v1.otlp"] endpoint = "" insecure = false protocol = ""

[proxy_plugins]

[stream_processors]

[streamprocessors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar"] accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+encrypted"] args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"] env = ["OCICRYPTKEYPROVIDERCONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicryptkeyprovider.conf"] path = "ctd-decoder" returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar"

[streamprocessors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar.gzip"] accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip+encrypted"] args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"] env = ["OCICRYPTKEYPROVIDERCONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicryptkeyprovider.conf"] path = "ctd-decoder" returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip"

[timeouts] "io.containerd.timeout.bolt.open" = "0s" "io.containerd.timeout.shim.cleanup" = "5s" "io.containerd.timeout.shim.load" = "5s" "io.containerd.timeout.shim.shutdown" = "3s" "io.containerd.timeout.task.state" = "2s"

[ttrpc] address = "" gid = 0 uid = 0 ~~~

2.2.2.6.2 替换默认配置文件

但上述配置文件后期改动的地方较多，这里直接换成可单机使用也可k8s环境使用的配置文件并配置好镜像加速器。

~~~powershell

vim /etc/containerd/config.toml

cat /etc/containerd/config.toml

root = "/var/lib/containerd" state = "/run/containerd" oom_score = -999

[grpc] address = "/run/containerd/containerd.sock" uid = 0 gid = 0 maxrecvmessagesize = 16777216 maxsendmessagesize = 16777216

[debug] address = "" uid = 0 gid = 0 level = ""

[metrics] address = "" grpc_histogram = false

[cgroup] path = ""

[plugins] [plugins.cgroups] noprometheus = false [plugins.cri] streamserveraddress = "127.0.0.1" streamserverport = "0" enableselinux = false sandboximage = "easzlab/pause-amd64:3.2" statscollectperiod = 10 systemdcgroup = false enabletlsstreaming = false maxcontainerloglinesize = 16384 [plugins.cri.containerd] snapshotter = "overlayfs" nopivot = false [plugins.cri.containerd.defaultruntime] runtimetype = "io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux" runtimeengine = "" runtimeroot = "" [plugins.cri.containerd.untrustedworkloadruntime] runtimetype = "" runtimeengine = "" runtimeroot = "" [plugins.cri.cni] bindir = "/opt/kube/bin" confdir = "/etc/cni/net.d" conftemplate = "/etc/cni/net.d/10-default.conf" [plugins.cri.registry] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."docker.io"] endpoint = [ "https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn", "http://hub-mirror.c.163.com" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."gcr.io"] endpoint = [ "https://gcr.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."k8s.gcr.io"] endpoint = [ "https://gcr.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/google-containers/" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."quay.io"] endpoint = [ "https://quay.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."harbor.kubemsb.com"] 此处添加了本地容器镜像仓库 Harbor,做为本地容器镜像仓库。 endpoint = [ "http://harbor.kubemsb.com" ] [plugins.cri.x509keypairstreaming] tlscertfile = "" tlskeyfile = "" [plugins.diff-service] default = ["walking"] [plugins.linux] shim = "containerd-shim" runtime = "runc" runtimeroot = "" noshim = false shimdebug = false [plugins.opt] path = "/opt/containerd" [plugins.restart] interval = "10s" [plugins.scheduler] pausethreshold = 0.02 deletionthreshold = 0 mutationthreshold = 100 scheduledelay = "0s" startupdelay = "100ms" ~~~

2.2.2.7 启动containerd服务并设置开机自启动

~~~powershell

systemctl enable containerd

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/containerd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service.

systemctl start containerd

~~~

~~~powershell

systemctl status containerd

● containerd.service - containerd container runtime Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (running) since 五 2022-02-18 13:02:37 CST; 7s ago Docs: https://containerd.io Process: 60383 ExecStartPre=/sbin/modprobe overlay (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 60384 (containerd) Tasks: 8 Memory: 20.0M CGroup: /system.slice/containerd.service └─60384 /usr/local/bin/containerd ...... ~~~

2.2.2.8 复制ctr命令至系统

~~~powershell

ls usr/local/bin/

containerd containerd-shim containerd-shim-runc-v1 containerd-shim-runc-v2 containerd-stress crictl critest ctd-decoder ctr

cp usr/local/bin/ctr /usr/bin/

~~~

2.2.2.9 查看已安装containerd服务版本

~~~powershell

ctr version

Client: Version: v1.6.0 Revision: 39259a8f35919a0d02c9ecc2871ddd6ccf6a7c6e Go version: go1.17.2

Server: Version: v1.6.0 Revision: 39259a8f35919a0d02c9ecc2871ddd6ccf6a7c6e UUID: c1972cbe-884a-41b0-867f-f8a58c168e6d ~~~

2.2.2.10 安装runC

由于二进制包中提供的runC默认需要系统中安装seccomp支持，需要单独安装，且不同版本runC对seccomp版本要求一致，所以建议单独下载runC 二进制包进行安装，里面包含了seccomp模块支持。

2.2.2.10.1 获取runC

~~~powershell 使用wget下载

wget https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.1.0/runc.amd64

~~~

2.2.2.10.2 安装runC并验证安装结果

~~~powershell 查看已下载文件

ls

runc.amd64 ~~~

~~~powershell 安装runC

mv runc.amd64 /usr/sbin/runc

~~~

~~~powershell 为runC添加可执行权限

chmod +x /usr/sbin/runc

~~~

~~~powershell 使用runc命令验证是否安装成功

runc -v

runc version 1.1.0 commit: v1.1.0-0-g067aaf85 spec: 1.0.2-dev go: go1.17.6 libseccomp: 2.5.3 ~~~

三、Containerd容器镜像管理

3.1 Containerd容器镜像管理命令

• docker使用docker images命令管理镜像
• 单机containerd使用ctr images命令管理镜像,containerd本身的CLI
• k8s中containerd使用crictl images命令管理镜像,Kubernetes社区的专用CLI工具

~~~powershell 获取命令帮助

ctr --help

NAME: ctr - _ / /_ / / _/ _/ / // // / _/_//

containerd CLI

USAGE: ctr [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]

VERSION: v1.6.0

DESCRIPTION:

ctr is an unsupported debug and administrative client for interacting with the containerd daemon. Because it is unsupported, the commands, options, and operations are not guaranteed to be backward compatible or stable from release to release of the containerd project.

COMMANDS: plugins, plugin provides information about containerd plugins version print the client and server versions containers, c, container manage containers content manage content events, event display containerd events images, image, i manage images leases manage leases namespaces, namespace, ns manage namespaces pprof provide golang pprof outputs for containerd run run a container snapshots, snapshot manage snapshots tasks, t, task manage tasks install install a new package oci OCI tools shim interact with a shim directly help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command

GLOBAL OPTIONS: --debug enable debug output in logs --address value, -a value address for containerd's GRPC server (default: "/run/containerd/containerd.sock") [$CONTAINERDADDRESS] --timeout value total timeout for ctr commands (default: 0s) --connect-timeout value timeout for connecting to containerd (default: 0s) --namespace value, -n value namespace to use with commands (default: "default") [$CONTAINERDNAMESPACE] --help, -h show help --version, -v print the version ~~~

~~~powershell 获取命令帮助

ctr images

NAME: ctr images - manage images

USAGE: ctr images command [command options] [arguments...]

COMMANDS: check check existing images to ensure all content is available locally export export images import import images list, ls list images known to containerd mount mount an image to a target path unmount unmount the image from the target pull pull an image from a remote push push an image to a remote delete, del, remove, rm remove one or more images by reference tag tag an image label set and clear labels for an image convert convert an image

OPTIONS: --help, -h show help ~~~

3.2 查看镜像

~~~powershell

ctr images ls

REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS ~~~

3.3 下载镜像

containerd支持oci标准的镜像，所以可以直接使用docker官方或dockerfile构建的镜像

~~~powershell

ctr images pull --all-platforms docker.io/library/nginx:alpine

docker.io/library/nginx:alpine: resolved |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| docker.io/library/nginx:alpine: resolved |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| index-sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| manifest-sha256:050385609d832fae11b007fbbfba77d0bba12bf72bc0dca0ac03e09b1998580f: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:f2303c6c88653b9a6739d50f611c170b9d97d161c6432409c680f6b46a5f112f: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| config-sha256:bef258acf10dc257d641c47c3a600c92f87be4b4ce4a5e4752b3eade7533dcd9: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:59bf1c3509f33515622619af21ed55bbe26d24913cedbca106468a5fb37a50c3: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:8d6ba530f6489d12676d7f61628427d067243ba4a3a512c3e28813b977cb3b0e: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:5288d7ad7a7f84bdd19c1e8f0abb8684b5338f3da86fe9ae1d7f0e9bc2de6595: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:39e51c61c033442d00c40a30b2a9ed01f40205875fbd8664c50b4dc3e99ad5cf: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:ee6f71c6f4a82b2afd01f92bdf6be0079364d03020e8a2c569062e1c06d3822b: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| elapsed: 11.0s total: 8.7 Mi (809.5 KiB/s)
unpacking linux/amd64 sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3... done: 1.860946163s ~~~

~~~powershell 说明： 这里ctr命令pull镜像时，不能直接把镜像名字写成nginx:alpine ~~~

~~~powershell 查看已下载容器镜像

ctr images ls

REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS docker.io/library/nginx:alpine application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3 9.7 MiB linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x - ~~~

| REF | TYPE | DIGEST | | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | docker.io/library/nginx:alpine | application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json | sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3 |

| SIZE | PLATFORMS | LABELS | | ------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------ | | 9.7 MiB | linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x | - |

~~~powershell 指定平台下载容器镜像

ctr images pull --platform linux/amd64 docker.io/library/nginx:alpine

~~~

3.4 镜像挂载

方便查看镜像中包含的内容。

~~~powershell 把已下载的容器镜像挂载至当前文件系统

ctr images mount docker.io/library/nginx:alpine /mnt

sha256:af2fcce448e2e4451a5f4796a9bf9cb5c9b5f88e0d6d10029cada42fb9d268ac /mnt [root@localhost ~]# ls /mnt bin dev docker-entrypoint.d docker-entrypoint.sh etc home lib media mnt opt proc root run sbin srv sys tmp usr var ~~~

~~~powershell 卸载

umount /mnt

~~~

3.5 镜像导出

~~~powershell 把容器镜像导出

ctr i export --all-platforms nginx.img docker.io/library/nginx:alpine

~~~

~~~powershell 说明 --all-platforms,导出所有平台镜像，本版本为1.6版本，1.4版本不需要添加此选项。 ~~~

~~~powershell 查看已导出容器镜像

ls

nginx.img

ls -lh

总用量 196M

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 73M 2月 18 14:48 nginx.img

~~~

3.6 镜像删除

~~~powershell 删除指定容器镜像

ctr image rm docker.io/library/nginx:alpine

docker.io/library/nginx:alpine

再次查看容器镜像 [root@192 ~]# ctr images ls REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS ~~~

3.7 镜像导入

~~~powershell 导入容器镜像

ctr images import nginx.img

unpacking docker.io/library/nginx:alpine (sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3)...done ~~~

3.8 修改镜像tag

~~~powershell

ctr images tag docker.io/library/nginx:alpine nginx:alpine

nginx:alpine ~~~

~~~powershell 说明： 把docker.io/library/nginx:alpine 修改为 nginx:alpine ~~~

~~~powershell 查看修改后的容器镜像

ctr images ls

REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS docker.io/library/nginx:alpine application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3 9.7 MiB linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x - nginx:alpine application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3 9.7 MiB linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v6,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x - ~~~

~~~powershell 修改后对容器镜像做检查比对

ctr images check

REF TYPE DIGEST STATUS SIZE UNPACKED docker.io/library/nginx:alpine application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3 complete (7/7) 9.7 MiB/9.7 MiB true

nginx:alpine application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:da9c94bec1da829ebd52431a84502ec471c8e548ffb2cedbf36260fd9bd1d4d3 complete (7/7) 9.7 MiB/9.7 MiB true ~~~

四、Containerd容器管理

4.1 获取命令帮助

4.1.1 获取ctr命令帮助

~~~powershell [root@localhost ~]# ctr --help NAME: ctr - _ / /_ / / _/ _/ / // // / _/_//

containerd CLI

USAGE: ctr [global options] command [command options] [arguments...]

VERSION: v1.6.0

DESCRIPTION:

ctr is an unsupported debug and administrative client for interacting with the containerd daemon. Because it is unsupported, the commands, options, and operations are not guaranteed to be backward compatible or stable from release to release of the containerd project.

COMMANDS: plugins, plugin provides information about containerd plugins version print the client and server versions containers, c, container manage containers content manage content events, event display containerd events images, image, i manage images leases manage leases namespaces, namespace, ns manage namespaces pprof provide golang pprof outputs for containerd run run a container snapshots, snapshot manage snapshots tasks, t, task manage tasks install install a new package oci OCI tools shim interact with a shim directly help, h Shows a list of commands or help for one command

GLOBAL OPTIONS: --debug enable debug output in logs --address value, -a value address for containerd's GRPC server (default: "/run/containerd/containerd.sock") [$CONTAINERDADDRESS] --timeout value total timeout for ctr commands (default: 0s) --connect-timeout value timeout for connecting to containerd (default: 0s) --namespace value, -n value namespace to use with commands (default: "default") [$CONTAINERDNAMESPACE] --help, -h show help --version, -v print the version ~~~

4.1.2 获取创建静态容器命令帮助

~~~powershell

ctr container --help

NAME: ctr containers - manage containers

USAGE: ctr containers command [command options] [arguments...]

COMMANDS: create create container delete, del, remove, rm delete one or more existing containers info get info about a container list, ls list containers label set and clear labels for a container checkpoint checkpoint a container restore restore a container from checkpoint

OPTIONS: --help, -h show help ~~~

~~~powershell 说明：

使用ctr container create命令创建容器后，容器并没有处于运行状态，其只是一个静态的容器。这个 container 对象只是包含了运行一个容器所需的资源及配置的数据结构，例如： namespaces、rootfs 和容器的配置都已经初始化成功了，只是用户进程(本案例为nginx)还没有启动。需要使用ctr tasks命令才能获取一个动态容器。 ~~~

4.1.3 获取动态容器命令帮助

~~~powershell

ctr run --help

NAME: ctr run - run a container

USAGE: ctr run [command options] [flags] Image|RootFS ID [COMMAND] [ARG...]

OPTIONS: --rm remove the container after running --null-io send all IO to /dev/null --log-uri value log uri --detach, -d detach from the task after it has started execution --fifo-dir value directory used for storing IO FIFOs --cgroup value cgroup path (To disable use of cgroup, set to "" explicitly) --platform value run image for specific platform --cni enable cni networking for the container --runc-binary value specify runc-compatible binary --runc-root value specify runc-compatible root --runc-systemd-cgroup start runc with systemd cgroup manager --uidmap container-uid:host-uid:length run inside a user namespace with the specified UID mapping range; specified with the format container-uid:host-uid:length --gidmap container-gid:host-gid:length run inside a user namespace with the specified GID mapping range; specified with the format container-gid:host-gid:length --remap-labels provide the user namespace ID remapping to the snapshotter via label options; requires snapshotter support --cpus value set the CFS cpu quota (default: 0) --cpu-shares value set the cpu shares (default: 1024) --snapshotter value snapshotter name. Empty value stands for the default value. [$CONTAINERDSNAPSHOTTER] --snapshotter-label value labels added to the new snapshot for this container. --config value, -c value path to the runtime-specific spec config file --cwd value specify the working directory of the process --env value specify additional container environment variables (e.g. FOO=bar) --env-file value specify additional container environment variables in a file(e.g. FOO=bar, one per line) --label value specify additional labels (e.g. foo=bar) --mount value specify additional container mount (e.g. type=bind,src=/tmp,dst=/host,options=rbind:ro) --net-host enable host networking for the container --privileged run privileged container --read-only set the containers filesystem as readonly --runtime value runtime name (default: "io.containerd.runc.v2") --runtime-config-path value optional runtime config path --tty, -t allocate a TTY for the container --with-ns value specify existing Linux namespaces to join at container runtime (format ' : ') --pid-file value file path to write the task's pid --gpus value add gpus to the container --allow-new-privs turn off OCI spec's NoNewPrivileges feature flag --memory-limit value memory limit (in bytes) for the container (default: 0) --device value file path to a device to add to the container; or a path to a directory tree of devices to add to the container --cap-add value add Linux capabilities (Set capabilities with 'CAP ' prefix) --cap-drop value drop Linux capabilities (Set capabilities with 'CAP_' prefix) --seccomp enable the default seccomp profile --seccomp-profile value file path to custom seccomp profile. seccomp must be set to true, before using seccomp-profile --apparmor-default-profile value enable AppArmor with the default profile with the specified name, e.g. "cri-containerd.apparmor.d" --apparmor-profile value enable AppArmor with an existing custom profile --rdt-class value name of the RDT class to associate the container with. Specifies a Class of Service (CLOS) for cache and memory bandwidth management. --rootfs use custom rootfs that is not managed by containerd snapshotter --no-pivot disable use of pivot-root (linux only) --cpu-quota value Limit CPU CFS quota (default: -1) --cpu-period value Limit CPU CFS period (default: 0) --rootfs-propagation value set the propagation of the container rootfs ~~~

~~~powershell 说明： 使用ctr run命令可以创建一个静态容器并使其运行。一步到位运行容器。 ~~~

4.2 查看容器

container表示静态容器，可用c缩写代表container

~~~powershell

ctr container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME ~~~

或

~~~powershell

ctr c ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME ~~~

4.3 查看任务

task表示容器里跑的进程, 可用t缩写代表task

~~~powershell

ctr task ls

TASK PID STATUS ~~~

或

~~~powershell

ctr t ls

TASK PID STATUS ~~~

4.4 创建静态容器

~~~powershell

ctr c create docker.io/library/nginx:alpine nginx1

~~~

~~~powershell

ctr container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME nginx1 docker.io/library/nginx:alpine io.containerd.runc.v2 ~~~

~~~powershell 查看容器详细信息

ctr container info nginx1

~~~

4.5 静态容器启动为动态容器

~~~powershell 复制containerd连接runC垫片工具至系统

ls usr/local/bin/

containerd containerd-shim containerd-shim-runc-v1 containerd-shim-runc-v2 containerd-stress crictl critest ctd-decoder ctr [root@localhost ~]# cp usr/local/bin/containerd-shim-runc-v2 /usr/bin/ ~~~

~~~powershell 启动task，即表时在容器中运行了进程，即为动态容器。

ctr task start -d nginx1

/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration /docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/ ~~~

~~~powershell 说明： -d表示daemon或者后台的意思，否则会卡住终端 ~~~

~~~powershell 查看容器所在宿主机进程，是以宿主机进程的方式存在的。

ctr task ls

TASK PID STATUS nginx1 3395 RUNNING ~~~

~~~powershell 查看容器的进程(都是物理机的进程)

ctr task ps nginx1

PID INFO 3395 - 3434 - ~~~

~~~powershell 物理机查看到相应的进程

ps -ef | grep 3395

root 3395 3375 0 19:16 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx -g daemon off; 101 3434 3395 0 19:16 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process ~~~

4.6 进入容器操作

~~~powershell

ctr task exec --exec-id 1 nginx1 /bin/sh

ifconfig 查看网卡信息 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

curl 127.0.0.1 访问本地提供的web服务 % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0

Welcome to nginx!

Welcome to nginx!

If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and working. Further configuration is required.

For online documentation and support please refer to nginx.org.
Commercial support is available at nginx.com.

Thank you for using nginx.

100 615 100 615 0 0 429k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 600k ~~~

~~~powershell 说明： 为exec进程设定一个id，可以随意输入，只要保证唯一即可，也可使用$RANDOM变量。 ~~~

4.7 直接运行一个动态容器

~~~powershell

ctr run -d --net-host docker.io/library/nginx:alpine nginx2

/docker-entrypoint.sh: /docker-entrypoint.d/ is not empty, will attempt to perform configuration /docker-entrypoint.sh: Looking for shell scripts in /docker-entrypoint.d/ ~~~

~~~powershell 说明： * -d 代表dameon，后台运行 * --net-host 代表容器的IP就是宿主机的IP(相当于docker里的host类型网络) ~~~

~~~powershell 查看已运行容器

ctr container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME nginx2 docker.io/library/nginx:alpine io.containerd.runc.v2 ~~~

~~~powershell 查看已运行容器中运行的进程,既tasks

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS nginx2 4061 RUNNING ~~~

~~~powershell 进入容器

ctr task exec --exec-id 1 -t nginx2 /bin/sh

~~~

~~~powershell / # ifconfig ens33 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:B1:B6:1D inet addr:192.168.10.164 Bcast:192.168.10.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::2b33:40ed:9311:8812/64 Scope:Link inet6 addr: fe80::adf4:a8bc:a1c:a9f7/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:55360 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:30526 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:53511295 (51.0 MiB) TX bytes:2735050 (2.6 MiB)

lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 RX packets:68 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:68 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:5916 (5.7 KiB) TX bytes:5916 (5.7 KiB)

virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:E9:51:82 inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B) ~~~

~~~powershell 为容器中运行的网站添加网站文件 / # echo "nginx2" > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html / # exit ~~~

~~~powershell 在宿主机上访问网站 [root@localhost ~]# curl 192.168.10.164 nginx2 ~~~

4.8 暂停容器

~~~powershell 查看容器状态

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS nginx2 4061 RUNNING ~~~

~~~powershell 暂停容器

ctr tasks pause nginx2

~~~

~~~powershell 再次查看容器状态，看到其状态为PAUSED，表示停止。

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS nginx2 4061 PAUSED ~~~

~~~powershell [root@localhost ~]# curl http://192.168.10.164 在宿主机访问，发现不可以访问到网站 ~~~

4.9 恢复容器

~~~powershell 使用resume命令恢复容器

ctr tasks resume nginx2

~~~

~~~powershell 查看恢复后状态

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS nginx2 4061 RUNNING ~~~

~~~powershell 在宿主机上访问容器中提供的服务

curl http://192.168.10.164

nginx2 ~~~

4.10 停止容器

~~~powershell

ctr tasks --help

NAME: ctr tasks - manage tasks

USAGE: ctr tasks command [command options] [arguments...]

COMMANDS: attach attach to the IO of a running container checkpoint checkpoint a container delete, del, remove, rm delete one or more tasks exec execute additional processes in an existing container list, ls list tasks kill signal a container (default: SIGTERM) pause pause an existing container ps list processes for container resume resume a paused container start start a container that has been created metrics, metric get a single data point of metrics for a task with the built-in Linux runtime

OPTIONS: --help, -h show help

~~~

~~~powershell 使用kill命令停止容器中运行的进程，既为停止容器

ctr tasks kill nginx2

~~~

~~~powershell 查看容器停止后状态，STATUS为STOPPED

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS nginx1 3395 RUNNING nginx2 4061 STOPPED ~~~

4.11 删除容器

~~~powershell

ctr tasks delete nginx2

必须先停止tasks或先删除task，再删除容器 ~~~

~~~powershell 查看静态容器，确认其还存在于系统中

ctr container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME nginx2 docker.io/library/nginx:alpine io.containerd.runc.v2 ~~~

~~~powershell 删除容器

ctr container delete nginx2

~~~

五、Containerd使用私有容器镜像仓库 Harbor

5.1 Harbor准备

5.2 配置Containerd使用Harbor仓库

5.2.1 Harbor主机名解析

在所有安装containerd宿主机上添加此配置信息。

~~~powershell

vim /etc/hosts

cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4 ::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6 192.168.10.165 harbor.kubemsb.com ~~~

~~~powershell 说明 * 192.168.10.165是harbor的IP

• harbor.kubemsb.com建议用FQDN形式，如果用类似harbor这种短名，后面下载镜像会出问题 ~~~

5.2.2 修改Containerd配置文件

~~~powershell 此配置文件已提前替换过，仅修改本地容器镜像仓库地址即可。

vim /etc/containerd/config.toml

cat /etc/containerd/config.toml

root = "/var/lib/containerd" state = "/run/containerd" oom_score = -999

[grpc] address = "/run/containerd/containerd.sock" uid = 0 gid = 0 maxrecvmessagesize = 16777216 maxsendmessagesize = 16777216

[debug] address = "" uid = 0 gid = 0 level = ""

[metrics] address = "" grpc_histogram = false

[cgroup] path = ""

[plugins] [plugins.cgroups] noprometheus = false [plugins.cri] streamserveraddress = "127.0.0.1" streamserverport = "0" enableselinux = false sandboximage = "easzlab/pause-amd64:3.2" statscollectperiod = 10 systemdcgroup = false enabletlsstreaming = false maxcontainerloglinesize = 16384 [plugins.cri.containerd] snapshotter = "overlayfs" nopivot = false [plugins.cri.containerd.defaultruntime] runtimetype = "io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux" runtimeengine = "" runtimeroot = "" [plugins.cri.containerd.untrustedworkloadruntime] runtimetype = "" runtimeengine = "" runtimeroot = "" [plugins.cri.cni] bindir = "/opt/kube/bin" confdir = "/etc/cni/net.d" conftemplate = "/etc/cni/net.d/10-default.conf" [plugins.cri.registry] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."docker.io"] endpoint = [ "https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn", "http://hub-mirror.c.163.com" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."gcr.io"] endpoint = [ "https://gcr.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."k8s.gcr.io"] endpoint = [ "https://gcr.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/google-containers/" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."quay.io"] endpoint = [ "https://quay.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn" ] [plugins.cri.registry.mirrors."harbor.kubemsb.com"] 在此处添加,在镜像加速器下面添加这一段 endpoint = [ "http://harbor.kubemsb.com" ] [plugins.cri.x509keypairstreaming] tlscertfile = "" tlskeyfile = "" [plugins.diff-service] default = ["walking"] [plugins.linux] shim = "containerd-shim" runtime = "runc" runtimeroot = "" noshim = false shimdebug = false [plugins.opt] path = "/opt/containerd" [plugins.restart] interval = "10s" [plugins.scheduler] pausethreshold = 0.02 deletionthreshold = 0 mutationthreshold = 100 scheduledelay = "0s" startupdelay = "100ms" ~~~

~~~powershell 重启containerd，以便于重新加载配置文件。

systemctl restart containerd

~~~

5.2.3 ctr下载镜像

~~~powershell 下载容器镜像

ctr images pull --platform linux/amd64 docker.io/library/nginx:latest

~~~

~~~powershell 说明: * --platform linux/amd64 指定系统平台，也可以使用--all-platforms指定所有平台镜像。

~~~

~~~powershell 输出： docker.io/library/nginx:latest: resolved |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| index-sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| manifest-sha256:bb129a712c2431ecce4af8dde831e980373b26368233ef0f3b2bae9e9ec515ee: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:b559bad762bec166fd028483dd2a03f086d363ee827d8c98b7268112c508665a: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| config-sha256:c316d5a335a5cf324b0dc83b3da82d7608724769f6454f6d9a621f3ec2534a5a: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:5eb5b503b37671af16371272f9c5313a3e82f1d0756e14506704489ad9900803: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:1ae07ab881bd848493ad54c2ba32017f94d1d8dbfd0ba41b618f17e80f834a0f: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:78091884b7bea0fa918527207924e9993bcc21bf7f1c9687da40042ceca31ac9: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:091c283c6a66ad0edd2ab84cb10edacc00a1a7bc5277f5365c0d5c5457a75aff: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| layer-sha256:55de5851019b8f65ed6e28120c6300e35e556689d021e4b3411c7f4e90a9704b: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| elapsed: 20.0s total: 53.2 M (2.7 MiB/s) unpacking linux/amd64 sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767... done: 3.028652226s ~~~

~~~powershell 查看已下载容器镜像

ctr images ls

REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS

docker.io/library/nginx:latest application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767 54.1 MiB linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x - ~~~

5.2.4 ctr上传镜像

上传到Harbor library公有项目

~~~powershell 重新生成新的tag

ctr images tag docker.io/library/nginx:latest harbor.kubemsb.com/library/nginx:latest

harbor.kubemsb.com/library/nginx:latest ~~~

~~~powershell 查看已生成容器镜像

ctr images ls

REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS docker.io/library/nginx:latest application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767 54.1 MiB linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x - harbor.kubemsb.com/library/nginx:latest application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json sha256:2834dc507516af02784808c5f48b7cbe38b8ed5d0f4837f16e78d00deb7e7767 54.1 MiB linux/386,linux/amd64,linux/arm/v5,linux/arm/v7,linux/arm64/v8,linux/mips64le,linux/ppc64le,linux/s390x - ~~~

~~~powershell 推送容器镜像至Harbor

ctr images push --platform linux/amd64 --plain-http -u admin:Harbor12345 harbor.kubemsb.com/library/nginx:latest

~~~

~~~powershell 说明:

• 先tag再push
• 因为我们harbor是http协议，不是https协议，所以需要加上--plain-http
• --user admin:Harbor12345指定harbor的用户名与密码 ~~~

~~~powershell 输出： manifest-sha256:0fd68ec4b64b8dbb2bef1f1a5de9d47b658afd3635dc9c45bf0cbeac46e72101: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| config-sha256:dd025cdfe837e1c6395365870a491cf16bae668218edb07d85c626928a60e478: done |++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++| elapsed: 0.5 s total: 9.3 Ki (18.1 KiB/s) ~~~

~~~powershell 下载已上传容器镜像

ctr images pull --plain-http harbor.kubemsb.com/library/nginx:latest

~~~

六、Containerd NameSpace管理

containerd中namespace的作用为:隔离运行的容器，可以实现运行多个容器。

~~~powershell 查看命令帮助

ctr namespace --help

NAME: ctr namespaces - manage namespaces

USAGE: ctr namespaces command [command options] [arguments...]

COMMANDS: create, c create a new namespace list, ls list namespaces remove, rm remove one or more namespaces label set and clear labels for a namespace

OPTIONS: --help, -h show help ~~~

~~~powershell 列出已有namespace

ctr namespace ls

NAME LABELS default k8s.io ~~~

~~~powershell 创建namespace

ctr namespace create kubemsb

[root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace ls NAME LABELS default k8s.io kubemsb 此命名空间为新添加的 ~~~

~~~powershell 删除namespace

ctr namespace rm kubemsb

kubemsb

再次查看是否删除 [root@localhost ~]# ctr namespace ls NAME LABELS default k8s.io ~~~

~~~powershell 查看指定namespace中是否有用户进程在运行

ctr -n kubemsb tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS ~~~

~~~powershell 在指定namespace中下载容器镜像

ctr -n kubemsb images pull docker.io/library/nginx:latest

~~~

~~~powershell 在指定namespace中创建静态容器

ctr -n kubemsb container create docker.io/library/nginx:latest nginxapp

~~~

~~~powershell 查看在指定namespace中创建的容器

ctr -n kubemsb container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME nginxapp docker.io/library/nginx:latest io.containerd.runc.v2 ~~~

七、Containerd Network管理

默认Containerd管理的容器仅有lo网络，无法访问容器之外的网络，可以为其添加网络插件，使用容器可以连接外网。CNI(Container Network Interface)

7.1 创建CNI网络

| containernetworking/cni | CNI v1.0.1 | | ------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | containernetworking/plugins | CNI Plugins v1.0.1 |

7.1.1 获取CNI工具源码

~~~powershell 使用wget下载cni工具源码包

wget https://github.com/containernetworking/cni/archive/refs/tags/v1.0.1.tar.gz

~~~

~~~powershell 查看已下载cni工具源码包

ls

v1.0.1.tar.gz

解压已下载cni工具源码包

tar xf v1.0.1.tar.gz

查看解压后已下载cni工具源码包

ls

cni-1.0.1

重命名已下载cni工具源码包目录

mv cni-1.0.1 cni

查看重新命名后目录

ls

cni

查看cni工具目录中包含的文件

ls cni

cnitool CONTRIBUTING.md DCO go.mod GOVERNANCE.md LICENSE MAINTAINERS plugins RELEASING.md scripts test.sh CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md CONVENTIONS.md Documentation go.sum libcni logo.png pkg README.md ROADMAP.md SPEC.md ~~~

7.1.2 获取CNI Plugins(CNI插件)

~~~powershell 使用wget下载cni插件工具源码包

wget https://github.com/containernetworking/plugins/releases/download/v1.0.1/cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.0.1.tgz

~~~

~~~powershell 查看已下载cni插件工具源码包

ls

cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.0.1.tgz cni

创建cni插件工具解压目录

mkdir /home/cni-plugins

解压cni插件工具至上述创建的目录中

tar xf cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.0.1.tgz -C /home/cni-plugins

查看解压后目录

ls cni-plugins

bandwidth bridge dhcp firewall host-device host-local ipvlan loopback macvlan portmap ptp sbr static tuning vlan vrf ~~~

7.1.3 准备CNI网络配置文件

准备容器网络配置文件，用于为容器提供网关、IP地址等。

~~~powershell 创建名为mynet的网络，其中包含名为cni0的网桥

vim /etc/cni/net.d/10-mynet.conf

cat /etc/cni/net.d/10-mynet.conf

{ "cniVersion": "1.0.0", "name": "mynet", "type": "bridge", "bridge": "cni0", "isGateway": true, "ipMasq": true, "ipam": { "type": "host-local", "subnet": "10.66.0.0/16", "routes": [ { "dst": "0.0.0.0/0" } ] } } ~~~

~~~powershell

vim /etc/cni/net.d/99-loopback.conf

cat /etc/cni/net.d/99-loopback.conf

{ "cniVerion": "1.0.0", "name": "lo", "type": "loopback" } ~~~

7.1.4 生成CNI网络

~~~powershell 获取epel源

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo

安装jq

yum -y install jq

~~~

~~~powershell 进入cni工具目录

cd cni

[root@localhost cni]# ls cnitool CONTRIBUTING.md DCO go.mod GOVERNANCE.md LICENSE MAINTAINERS plugins RELEASING.md scripts test.sh CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md CONVENTIONS.md Documentation go.sum libcni logo.png pkg README.md ROADMAP.md SPEC.md

必须在scripts目录中执行，需要依赖exec-plugins.sh文件，再次进入scripts目录 [root@localhost cni]# cd scripts/

查看执行脚本文件 [root@localhost scripts]# ls docker-run.sh exec-plugins.sh priv-net-run.sh release.sh

执行脚本文件，基于/etc/cni/net.d/目录中的*.conf配置文件生成容器网络 [root@localhost scripts]# CNI_PATH=/home/cni-plugins ./priv-net-run.sh echo "Hello World" Hello World ~~~

~~~powershell 在宿主机上查看是否生成容器网络名为cni0的网桥

ip a s

...... 5: cni0: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000 link/ether 36:af:7a:4a:d6:12 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.66.0.1/16 brd 10.66.255.255 scope global cni0 valid lft forever preferredlft forever inet6 fe80::34af:7aff:fe4a:d612/64 scope link valid lft forever preferredlft forever ~~~

~~~powershell 在宿主机上查看其路由表情况

ip route

default via 192.168.10.2 dev ens33 proto dhcp metric 100 10.66.0.0/16 dev cni0 proto kernel scope link src 10.66.0.1 192.168.10.0/24 dev ens33 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.10.164 metric 100 192.168.122.0/24 dev virbr0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.1 ~~~

7.2 为Containerd容器配置网络功能

7.2.1 创建一个容器

~~~powershell

ctr images ls

REF TYPE DIGEST SIZE PLATFORMS LABELS

ctr images pull docker.io/library/busybox:latest

ctr run -d docker.io/library/busybox:latest busybox

ctr container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME busybox docker.io/library/busybox:latest io.containerd.runc.v2

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS busybox 8377 RUNNING ~~~

7.2.2 进入容器查看其网络情况

~~~powershell

ctr tasks exec --exec-id $RANDOM -t busybox sh

/ # ip a s 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid lft forever preferredlft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid lft forever preferredlft forever ~~~

7.2.3 获取容器进程ID及其网络命名空间

~~~powershell 在宿主机中完成指定容器进程ID获取

pid=$(ctr tasks ls | grep busybox | awk '{print $2}')

echo $pid

8377

~~~

~~~powershell 在宿主机中完成指定容器网络命名空间路径获取

netnspath=/proc/$pid/ns/net

echo $netnspath

/proc/8377/ns/net ~~~

7.2.4 为指定容器添加网络配置

~~~powershell 确认执行脚本文件时所在的目录 [root@localhost scripts]# pwd /home/cni/scripts ~~~

~~~powershell 执行脚本文件为容器添加网络配置 [root@localhost scripts]# CNI_PATH=/home/cni-plugins ./exec-plugins.sh add $pid $netnspath ~~~

~~~powershell 进入容器确认是否添加网卡信息

ctr tasks exec --exec-id $RANDOM -t busybox sh

/ # ip a s 1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue qlen 1000 link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo valid lft forever preferredlft forever inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid lft forever preferredlft forever 2: eth0@if7: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue link/ether a2:35:b7:e0:60:0a brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.66.0.3/16 brd 10.66.255.255 scope global eth0 valid lft forever preferredlft forever inet6 fe80::a035:b7ff:fee0:600a/64 scope link valid lft forever preferredlft forever

在容器中ping容器宿主机IP地址 / # ping -c 2 192.168.10.164 PING 192.168.10.164 (192.168.10.164): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.10.164: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.132 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.10.164: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.044 ms

--- 192.168.10.164 ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.044/0.088/0.132 ms

在容器中ping宿主机所在网络的网关IP地址 / # ping -c 2 192.168.10.2 PING 192.168.10.2 (192.168.10.2): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.10.2: seq=0 ttl=127 time=0.338 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.10.2: seq=1 ttl=127 time=0.280 ms

--- 192.168.10.2 ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.280/0.309/0.338 ms

在容器中ping宿主机所在网络中的其它主机IP地址 / # ping -c 2 192.168.10.165 PING 192.168.10.165 (192.168.10.165): 56 data bytes 64 bytes from 192.168.10.165: seq=0 ttl=63 time=0.422 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.10.165: seq=1 ttl=63 time=0.908 ms

--- 192.168.10.165 ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0.422/0.665/0.908 ms

~~~

~~~powershell 在容器中开启httpd服务 / # echo "containerd net web test" > /tmp/index.html / # httpd -h /tmp

/ # wget -O - -q 127.0.0.1 containerd net web test / # exit

~~~

~~~powershell 在宿主机访问容器提供的httpd服务 [root@localhost scripts]# curl http://10.66.0.3 containerd net web test ~~~

八、Containerd容器数据持久化存储

实现把宿主机目录挂载至Containerd容器中，实现容器数据持久化存储

~~~powershell

ctr container create docker.io/library/busybox:latest busybox3 --mount type=bind,src=/tmp,dst=/hostdir,options=rbind:rw

~~~

~~~powershell 说明： 创建一个静态容器，实现宿主机目录与容器挂载 src=/tmp 为宿主机目录 dst=/hostdir 为容器中目录 ~~~

~~~powershell 运行用户进程

ctr tasks start -d busybox3 bash

~~~

~~~powershell 进入容器，查看是否挂载成功

ctr tasks exec --exec-id $RANDOM -t busybox3 sh

/ # ls /hostdir VMwareDnD systemd-private-cf1fe70805214c80867e7eb62dff5be7-bolt.service-MWV1Ju systemd-private-cf1fe70805214c80867e7eb62dff5be7-chronyd.service-6B6j8p systemd-private-cf1fe70805214c80867e7eb62dff5be7-colord.service-6fI31A systemd-private-cf1fe70805214c80867e7eb62dff5be7-cups.service-tuK4zI systemd-private-cf1fe70805214c80867e7eb62dff5be7-rtkit-daemon.service-vhP67o tracker-extract-files.0 vmware-root703-3988031936 vmware-root704-2990744159 vmware-root_713-4290166671

向容器中挂载目录中添加文件 / # echo "hello world" > /hostdir/test.txt

退出容器 / # exit

在宿主机上查看被容器挂载的目录中是否添加了新的文件，已添加表明被容器挂载成功，并可以读写此目录中内容。 [root@localhost ~]# cat /tmp/test.txt hello world ~~~

九、与其它Containerd容器共享命名空间

当需要与其它Containerd管理的容器共享命名空间时，可使用如下方法。

~~~powershell

ctr tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS busybox3 13778 RUNNING busybox 8377 RUNNING busybox1 12469 RUNNING ~~~

~~~powershell

ctr container create --with-ns "pid:/proc/13778/ns/pid" docker.io/library/busybox:latest busybox4

[root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks start -d busybox4 bash [root@localhost ~]# ctr tasks exec --exec-id $RANDOM -t busybox3 sh / # ps aux PID USER TIME COMMAND 1 root 0:00 sh 20 root 0:00 sh 26 root 0:00 sh 32 root 0:00 ps aux

~~~

十、Docker集成Containerd实现容器管理

目前Containerd主要任务还在于解决容器运行时的问题，对于其周边生态还不完善，所以可以借助Docker结合Containerd来实现Docker完整的功能应用。

~~~powershell 准备Docker安装YUM源

wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

~~~

~~~powershell 安装Docker-ce

yum -y install docker-ce

~~~

~~~powershell 修改Docker服务文件，以便使用已安装的containerd。

vim /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service

修改前： [Service] Type=notify

the default is not to use systemd for cgroups because the delegate issues still

exists and systemd currently does not support the cgroup feature set required

for containers run by docker

ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock 此处 ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID

修改后：

[Service] Type=notify

the default is not to use systemd for cgroups because the delegate issues still

exists and systemd currently does not support the cgroup feature set required

for containers run by docker

ExecStart=/usr/bin/dockerd --containerd /run/containerd/containerd.sock --debug 此处 ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID TimeoutSec=0 RestartSec=2 Restart=always

~~~

~~~powershell 设置docker daemon启动并设置其开机自启动

systemctl daemon-reload

systemctl enable docker

Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.

systemctl start docker

~~~

~~~powershell 查看其启动后进程

ps aux | grep docker

root 16270 0.0 3.1 1155116 63320 ? Ssl 12:09 0:00 /usr/bin/dockerd --containerd /run/containerd/containerd.sock --debug ~~~

~~~powershell 使用docker运行容器

docker run -d nginx:latest

...... 219a9c6727bcd162d0a4868746c513a277276a110f47e15368b4229988003c13 ~~~

~~~powershell 使用docker ps命令查看正在运行的容器

docker ps

CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 219a9c6727bc nginx:latest "/docker-entrypoint.…" 14 seconds ago Up 13 seconds 80/tcp happy_tu ~~~

~~~powershell 使用ctr查看是否添加一个新的namespace，本案例中发现添加一个moby命名空间，即为docker使用的命名空间。

ctr namespace ls

NAME LABELS default k8s.io kubemsb moby ~~~

~~~powershell 查看moby命名空间，发现使用docker run运行的容器包含在其中。

ctr -n moby container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME 219a9c6727bcd162d0a4868746c513a277276a110f47e15368b4229988003c13 - io.containerd.runc.v2 ~~~

~~~powershell 使用ctr能够查看到一个正在运行的容器，既表示docker run运行的容器是被containerd管理的。

ctr -n moby tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS 219a9c6727bcd162d0a4868746c513a277276a110f47e15368b4229988003c13 16719 RUNNING ~~~

~~~powershell 使用docker stop停止且使用docker rm删除容器后再观察，发现容器被删除。

docker stop 219;docker rm 219

219 219

ctr -n moby container ls

CONTAINER IMAGE RUNTIME

ctr -n moby tasks ls

TASK PID STATUS ~~~