考研英语长难句(刘晓燕)笔记 第四课 绝对的考研命穴——定语和定语从句

• 什么是定语
  • 只要听到“...的”+n.，“...的”就是修饰这个n.的定语成分。
• 定语的成分
  • 1.形容词作定语
    • 那只善良的夜莺死了。
    • The innocent nightingale died.
    • 那只善良和勇敢的夜莺死了。
    • The nightingale brave and innocent died.(定语比较长放在后面更好看)
  • 2.名词作定语
    • 夜莺的歌声能让这朵玫瑰开放。
    • The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
  • 3.介词短语做定语
    • 窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹。
    • The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
  • 4.非谓语动词作定语
    • 那只唱歌的夜莺失去了他的生命。
    • The singing nightingale lost his life.
  • 5.从句作定语
    • 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。
    • The rose that/which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
• 定语的位置
  • 前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词的时候，通常放在名词前。当多个单词修饰名词的时候，通常放在名词后。
    • 这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事。
    • This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
    • 那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。
    • The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
    • 被拒绝的那个男生看起来很可怜。
    • The boy rejected looks pitiful.(当过去分词修饰名词的时候，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后)
    • 我有重要的事情要告诉你。
    • I have something important to tell you.(当形容词修饰不定代词的时候，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后)
• 定语从句
  • 1.定语从句的构成
    • n. + 引导词 + 句子
  • 2.定语从句的引导词
    • 定语从句引导词按照先行词的种类，一共分成5类：
      • 1.当先行词是人：who、whom、whose
      • 2.当先行词是物：that、which、whose
      • 3.当先行词是时间：that、which、when
      • 4.当先行词是地点：that、which、where
      • 5.当先行词是原因：that、which、why
    • 谁决定引导词的用法？
      • I will never forget the day _when I met you.(that是关系代词when是副词，代词必须在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，但是在这里不缺成分用when)暂时that=which
      • I will never forget the day _that_ we spent.(spent后面缺宾语，that充当宾语)
      • You had better have some reason _why_ you are late.(不缺成分用why)
      • You had better have some reason that sounds perfect.(that充当主语)
      • ★先行词，引导词在从句中能够充当的成分，共同决定了定语从句引导词的用法。
    • ★定语从句引导词分类新标准
      • 按照引导词本身的词性分类，一共分成3类：
      • 1.代词(在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分)：who、whom、that、which(who既能充当主语，又能充当宾语)
      • 2.副词(在从句中不能充当任何主干成分)：where、when、why
      • 3.形容词(在从句中修饰离它最近的那个名词)：whose(指人、物的时候从句不缺成分)
    • 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。
    • The rose that/which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
    • 这些圆顶的建筑物看起来很漂亮。
    • Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.
    • 成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数个事实所证明了。
    • It has been validated by numerous facts that glorious belong to those with dreams.
    • 穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保一点，不用去管别人的感受。
    • Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
    • 问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责呢？
    • The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics(道德准则).
    • 外表看起来非常邋遢的他其实内心很高尚。
    • He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.
    • 那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。
    • It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts to realize their dreams never feel pitiful although glories failed to be achieved.
    • 上课不集中精力，而又想通过考试的同学，往往会发现结果差强人意。
    • Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that the consequence proves less impressive.
• 定语从句的特殊用法
  • 1.that在引导定语从句的时候，如果在从句中充当的是宾语，that可以省略。(在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有两个名词或者代词直接放在一起，中间没有被连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了that的定语从句)
    • 我喜欢我妈妈给我买的这本书。
    • I enjoy the book(that) my mom brought for me.
    • 练习：
    • The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities (that) we can envisage.
  • 2.区别限制和非限制性定语从句
    • I love Liu, who is beautiful.(爱的是liu)
    • I love Liu who is beautiful.(爱的人美丽的liu)
    • ★在分析长难句的时候，非限制性定语从句相当于插入语，可以完全不看。
    • Edison, whose inventions have been over 2000, is a famous scientist.
    • Above the trees and mountains, whose magnificent, reflect the surface of the River.
  • 3.先行词和引导词之间有介词的情况，人不用who，只能用whom，物不用that只能用which
    • He is the man from _whom_ we should learn. (本来是who和whom都行)
    • I will never forget the day on _which I met you. (本来是when)
  • 4.区别 the same … as；the same … that 引导的定语从句
    • He is the same man as I love.(他就像我爱的那个男人)
    • He is the same man that I love.(他就是我爱的那个男人)
  • 5. as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句
    • which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子，as也可以。which只能放在句子的后面，as则可前可后。
    • He enjoys talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.
    • As drives me mad, he enjoys talking with young ladies.
  • 6.定语从句中引导词 which 和 that 的区别(不重要)
• 区分定语从句和同位语从句
  • I have a dream that sounds funny.(定)
  • I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.(同)
  • 1.相同点：都是先行词+引导词+句子
  • 2.不同点：
    • 看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
    • 看引导词的that是否在从句中充当成分，如果充当了成分就是定语从句，如果没有充当成分，就是同谓语从句。
    • 定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。
    • 定语从句的引导词一共有8个，而同位语的引导词一般都是that，会见到whether。
• 定语从句的至难点(寻找先行词)
  • 必须能读懂这句话，否则谁也找不到。
  • 1.The words used by the speaker may stir up(引起) unfavorable reactions in the listener _ C_ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.
  • A. who
  • B. as
  • C. which
  • D. what
  • 如何寻找先行词？
  • 2.When someone abandons you, he is the one who should get loss because for him, he loses someone who loves him but for you, you lose someone who does not love you.
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面最近的那个名词。
  • 3.For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个并列名词。
  • 4.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句。
  • 5. My husband enjoys talking with other young ladies, which really gets me go mad.
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个句子。
  • 6. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive--there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
  • 定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了。
• 考点分析
  • 写作：
  • 定语和定语从句在写作中的使用
  • 1.只要见到名词，都可以有意识的加个定语成分
    • 宠物能够减少孤单。
    • Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any children who can take care of them.
    • 读书能够增长知识。
    • Reading books which keep beneficial to our physical and mental health can acknowledge of all children and adult.
  • 英汉差异对比
    • 1.英语重形合，汉语重意合
      • a.句子b结构上
      • b.逻辑关系词的使用上
    • 2.英语多被动，汉语多主动
      • 在过去的几十年里，政府采取了各种措施去预防灾害的发生。
      • In the past decades, a variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters.
    • 3.汉语多短句，英语多长句
      • 乌镇是浙江的一个水镇，它位于京杭大运河旁。
      • Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang province. It located near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.
      • ’Wuzhen is a watertown in Zhejiang province, locating near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.
      • Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang province and locates near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.
      • Wuzhen which locates near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou, is a water town in Zhejiang province.
      • 我昨天去打球了，我在操场上遇见一个女人，她的女儿正在跑步。
      • I was playing basketball and meet a woman whose daughter was running at the playground.
      • I played football yesterday. I came across a lady on the playground, her son is running.
      • When I played football yesterday, I came across a lady on the playground whose son is running.
      • Playing football yesterday, I came across a lady on the playground whose son is running.
      • 人们会在门上粘贴春联，春联的主题有健康、发财和好运。
      • Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.
• 长难句分析
  • 能够找到一句话筒中的定语成分，并且把它们通顺的翻译出来。如何找定语呢？★关键是找名词，只要名词后有一坨东西，只要这一坨东西不是动词，就暂定为修士这个名字的定语成分。(还有可能是状语哟！)n. + 定/状/谓
  • ★定语从名词后开始，到主句谓语动词之前结束。如果定语在主句谓语动词之后的话，定语就从名词后开始，通常到句末结束。一个大定语中通常会有无数个小定语。每一个小定语到下一个名词后结束。(但是固定搭配除外)。如果定语后有连词的话，定语不再是到句末结束，而是到连词之前结束。
  • Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
  • 创造一个“欧洲身份”，这个身份尊重不同的文化和传统，而且这些文化和传统又构成了旧大陆相互联系的纽带，这不是一件容易的事情，并且需要一个战略性的选择。
  • In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
  • 在欧洲，和其他的地方一样，多媒体集团是整合了工作彼此联系的电视、广播、报纸杂志和出版社的越来越成功的集团。
  • Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
  • 一些原因是社会完全需要的合理结果。另外一些是在某种程度上自我加速的科学特殊进步的合理结果。
  • In short, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
  • 总之，一个新学派的领导人认为，“科学革命很大程度上是，扩大了各个领域的科学的范围的一系列的工具的提高、发明和使用。”
  • Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on(谓) such structures, and may report their findings soon.
  • 使用南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器的天体物理学家们，正在研究这些结构，并且很快就会报告他们的研究结果。
  • After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.
  • 在争论了6个月和最后议会的激烈讨论了16个小时以后，澳大利亚的北部地区变成了世界上第一个合法政府，这个政府允许医生结束想死的绝症病人的生命。
  • Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or(to use) both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and(depends) upon such factors as costs and availability.
  • 是使用测试其他种类的信息，还是在某种条件下去使用两者，取决于来自于关于相对有效性的来自于经验的证据，并且还取决于就像成本和可得到性这些因素。