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立方体纹理
立方体纹理是环境映射的一种实现方法。
立方体纹理一共包含了6张图像这些图像对应立方体的6个面。对立方体纹理采样需要一个由立方体纹理中心指向纹理的方向矢量。
天空盒
创建一个天空盒材质使用Unity自带的Skybox\6 Sided
Shader即可。并在光照设定中设定天空盒。
用于环境映射的立方体纹理
用于环境映射的立方体纹理的方法由三种:第一种方法是直接由一些特殊布局的纹理创建。二是手动创建一个Cubemap资源,再把6张图赋给它;第三种方法是由脚本生成。
这里我们尝试使用脚本生成立方体纹理。RenderCubemapWizard.cs
代码如下:
using UnityEngine;
using UnityEditor;
using System.Collections;
public class RenderCubemapWizard : ScriptableWizard
{
public Transform renderFromPosition;
public Cubemap cubemap;
void OnWizardUpdate()
{
helpString = "Select transform to render from and cubemap to render into";
isValid = (renderFromPosition != null) && (cubemap != null);
}
void OnWizardCreate()
{
// create temporary camera for rendering
GameObject camera = new GameObject("CubemapCamera");
camera.AddComponent();
// place it on the object
camera.transform.position = renderFromPosition.position;
// render into cubemap
camera.GetComponent().RenderToCubemap(cubemap);
// destroy temporary camera
DestroyImmediate(camera);
}
[MenuItem("GameObject/Render into Cubemap")]
static void RenderCubemap()
{
ScriptableWizard.DisplayWizard(
"Render cubemap", "Render!");
}
}
上述代码中,我们在renderFromPosition
位置处动态创建一个摄像机,并调用Camera.RenderToCubemap
函数把从当前位置观察到的图像渲染到用户指定的立方体纹理cubemap中,完成后销毁临时摄像机。
使用脚本渲染好的立方体纹理:
反射
使用上述渲染好的立方体纹理用来实现反射效果
Shader代码:
Shader "Unlit/Reflection"
{
Properties {
_Color ("Color Tint", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_ReflectColor ("Reflection Color", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_ReflectAmount ("Reflect Amount", Range(0, 1)) = 1
_Cubemap ("Reflection Cubemap", Cube) = "_Skybox" {}
}
SubShader {
Tags { "RenderType"="Opaque" "Queue"="Geometry"}
Pass {
Tags { "LightMode"="ForwardBase" }
CGPROGRAM
#pragma multi_compile_fwdbase
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#include "Lighting.cginc"
#include "AutoLight.cginc"
fixed4 _Color;
fixed4 _ReflectColor;
fixed _ReflectAmount;
samplerCUBE _Cubemap;
struct a2v {
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float3 normal : NORMAL;
};
struct v2f {
float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD0;
fixed3 worldNormal : TEXCOORD1;
fixed3 worldViewDir : TEXCOORD2;
fixed3 worldRefl : TEXCOORD3;
SHADOW_COORDS(4)
};
v2f vert(a2v v) {
v2f o;
o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
o.worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
o.worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld, v.vertex).xyz;
o.worldViewDir = UnityWorldSpaceViewDir(o.worldPos);
// Compute the reflect dir in world space
o.worldRefl = reflect(-o.worldViewDir, o.worldNormal);
TRANSFER_SHADOW(o);
return o;
}
fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target {
fixed3 worldNormal = normalize(i.worldNormal);
fixed3 worldLightDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceLightDir(i.worldPos));
fixed3 worldViewDir = normalize(i.worldViewDir);
fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz;
fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * _Color.rgb * max(0, dot(worldNormal, worldLightDir));
// Use the reflect dir in world space to access the cubemap
fixed3 reflection = texCUBE(_Cubemap, i.worldRefl).rgb * _ReflectColor.rgb;
UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION(atten, i, i.worldPos);
// Mix the diffuse color with the reflected color
fixed3 color = ambient + lerp(diffuse, reflection, _ReflectAmount) * atten;
return fixed4(color, 1.0);
}
ENDCG
}
}
FallBack "Reflective/VertexLit"
}
实现效果如下:
上述代码中,比较关键的代码时使用世界空间下的反射光方向采样立方体纹理,并将获得的纹理颜色和漫反射颜色插值。
折射
Shader代码如下:
Shader "Unlit/Refraction"
{
Properties {
_Color ("Color Tint", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_RefractColor ("Refraction Color", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_RefractAmount ("Refraction Amount", Range(0, 1)) = 1
_RefractRatio ("Refraction Ratio", Range(0.1, 1)) = 0.5
_Cubemap ("Refraction Cubemap", Cube) = "_Skybox" {}
}
SubShader {
Tags { "RenderType"="Opaque" "Queue"="Geometry"}
Pass {
Tags { "LightMode"="ForwardBase" }
CGPROGRAM
#pragma multi_compile_fwdbase
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#include "Lighting.cginc"
#include "AutoLight.cginc"
fixed4 _Color;
fixed4 _RefractColor;
float _RefractAmount;
fixed _RefractRatio;
samplerCUBE _Cubemap;
struct a2v {
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float3 normal : NORMAL;
};
struct v2f {
float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD0;
fixed3 worldNormal : TEXCOORD1;
fixed3 worldViewDir : TEXCOORD2;
fixed3 worldRefr : TEXCOORD3;
SHADOW_COORDS(4)
};
v2f vert(a2v v) {
v2f o;
o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
o.worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
o.worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld, v.vertex).xyz;
o.worldViewDir = UnityWorldSpaceViewDir(o.worldPos);
// Compute the refract dir in world space
o.worldRefr = refract(-normalize(o.worldViewDir), normalize(o.worldNormal), _RefractRatio);
TRANSFER_SHADOW(o);
return o;
}
fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target {
fixed3 worldNormal = normalize(i.worldNormal);
fixed3 worldLightDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceLightDir(i.worldPos));
fixed3 worldViewDir = normalize(i.worldViewDir);
fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz;
fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * _Color.rgb * max(0, dot(worldNormal, worldLightDir));
// Use the refract dir in world space to access the cubemap
fixed3 refraction = texCUBE(_Cubemap, i.worldRefr).rgb * _RefractColor.rgb;
UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION(atten, i, i.worldPos);
// Mix the diffuse color with the refract color
fixed3 color = ambient + lerp(diffuse, refraction, _RefractAmount) * atten;
return fixed4(color, 1.0);
}
ENDCG
}
}
FallBack "Reflective/VertexLit"
}
效果如下:
上述代码中我们使用内置的
refract
函数来计算折射方向,第一个参数是入射光线的方向,第二个参数是法线,第三个参数是入射介质和折射介质的比率。然后,同样,在片元着色器中用折射方向采样立方体纹理,并和漫反射颜色插值。
菲涅尔
在实时渲染中我们经常使用菲涅尔反射,根据视角方向控制反射程度。当光照射到物体表面时,一部分发生反射,一部分进入物体内部,发生散射或折射。被反射的光和入射光存在一定的比率关系,这个关系就是菲涅尔等式。其中一个近似等式是Schlick菲涅尔近似等式:
还有一个近似等式是Empricial菲涅尔近似等式:
这里我们使用Schlick菲涅尔近似等式。
Shader代码如下:
Shader "Unlit/Frenel"
{
Properties {
_Color ("Color Tint", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_FresnelScale ("Fresnel Scale", Range(0, 1)) = 0.5
_Cubemap ("Reflection Cubemap", Cube) = "_Skybox" {}
}
SubShader {
Tags { "RenderType"="Opaque" "Queue"="Geometry"}
Pass {
Tags { "LightMode"="ForwardBase" }
CGPROGRAM
#pragma multi_compile_fwdbase
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#include "Lighting.cginc"
#include "AutoLight.cginc"
fixed4 _Color;
fixed _FresnelScale;
samplerCUBE _Cubemap;
struct a2v {
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float3 normal : NORMAL;
};
struct v2f {
float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD0;
fixed3 worldNormal : TEXCOORD1;
fixed3 worldViewDir : TEXCOORD2;
fixed3 worldRefl : TEXCOORD3;
SHADOW_COORDS(4)
};
v2f vert(a2v v) {
v2f o;
o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
o.worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
o.worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld, v.vertex).xyz;
o.worldViewDir = UnityWorldSpaceViewDir(o.worldPos);
o.worldRefl = reflect(-o.worldViewDir, o.worldNormal);
TRANSFER_SHADOW(o);
return o;
}
fixed4 frag(v2f i) : SV_Target {
fixed3 worldNormal = normalize(i.worldNormal);
fixed3 worldLightDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceLightDir(i.worldPos));
fixed3 worldViewDir = normalize(i.worldViewDir);
fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz;
UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION(atten, i, i.worldPos);
fixed3 reflection = texCUBE(_Cubemap, i.worldRefl).rgb;
fixed fresnel = _FresnelScale + (1 - _FresnelScale) * pow(1 - dot(worldViewDir, worldNormal), 5);
fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * _Color.rgb * max(0, dot(worldNormal, worldLightDir));
fixed3 color = ambient + lerp(diffuse, reflection, saturate(fresnel)) * atten;
return fixed4(color, 1.0);
}
ENDCG
}
}
FallBack "Reflective/VertexLit"
}
效果如下:
渲染纹理
一个摄像机的渲染结果会输出到颜色缓冲中,并显示到屏幕上。GPU还允许我们把整个三维场景渲染到一个中间缓冲中,即渲染目标纹理。
Unity为渲染目标纹理定义了一个专门的纹理类型——渲染纹理。
镜子效果
我们创建一个平面,并创建一个Render Texture,赋予给一个新建的摄像机,然后创建一个新材质和新Shader,Shader代码如下:
Shader "Unlit/Mirror"
{
Properties
{
_MainTex ("Texture", 2D) = "white" {}
}
SubShader
{
Pass
{
Cull Off
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#include "UnityCG.cginc"
struct appdata
{
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float2 uv : TEXCOORD0;
};
struct v2f
{
float2 uv : TEXCOORD0;
float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
};
sampler2D _MainTex;
float4 _MainTex_ST;
v2f vert (appdata v)
{
v2f o;
o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
o.uv = v.uv;
o.uv.x = 1 - o.uv.x;
return o;
}
fixed4 frag (v2f i) : SV_Target
{
// sample the texture
fixed4 col = tex2D(_MainTex, i.uv);
return col;
}
ENDCG
}
}
}
上述代码中,我们翻转了x分量的纹理坐标。
效果如下:
玻璃效果
在Unity中,我们还可以使用GrabPass来获取屏幕图像。当我们定义一个GrabPass后,Unity会把当前屏幕的图像绘制在一张纹理中,以便在后续的Pass中访问它。
注意,使用GrabPass需要额外小心物体的渲染队列设置。GrabPass常用于渲染透明物体,我们需要将渲染队列设置为透明队列,这样才可以保证当渲染该物体时,所有的不透明物体都已经被绘制在屏幕上。
效果如下:
Shader代码:
Shader "Unlit/GlassRefraction"
{
Properties {
_MainTex ("Main Tex", 2D) = "white" {}
_BumpMap ("Normal Map", 2D) = "bump" {}
_Cubemap ("Environment Cubemap", Cube) = "_Skybox" {}
_Distortion ("Distortion", Range(0, 100)) = 10
_RefractAmount ("Refract Amount", Range(0.0, 1.0)) = 1.0
}
SubShader {
// We must be transparent, so other objects are drawn before this one.
Tags { "Queue"="Transparent" "RenderType"="Opaque" }
// This pass grabs the screen behind the object into a texture.
// We can access the result in the next pass as _RefractionTex
GrabPass { "_RefractionTex" }
Pass {
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#include "UnityCG.cginc"
sampler2D _MainTex;
float4 _MainTex_ST;
sampler2D _BumpMap;
float4 _BumpMap_ST;
samplerCUBE _Cubemap;
float _Distortion;
fixed _RefractAmount;
sampler2D _RefractionTex;
float4 _RefractionTex_TexelSize;
struct a2v {
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float3 normal : NORMAL;
float4 tangent : TANGENT;
float2 texcoord: TEXCOORD0;
};
struct v2f {
float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
float4 scrPos : TEXCOORD0;
float4 uv : TEXCOORD1;
float4 TtoW0 : TEXCOORD2;
float4 TtoW1 : TEXCOORD3;
float4 TtoW2 : TEXCOORD4;
};
v2f vert (a2v v) {
v2f o;
o.pos = UnityObjectToClipPos(v.vertex);
o.scrPos = ComputeGrabScreenPos(o.pos);
o.uv.xy = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _MainTex);
o.uv.zw = TRANSFORM_TEX(v.texcoord, _BumpMap);
float3 worldPos = mul(unity_ObjectToWorld, v.vertex).xyz;
fixed3 worldNormal = UnityObjectToWorldNormal(v.normal);
fixed3 worldTangent = UnityObjectToWorldDir(v.tangent.xyz);
fixed3 worldBinormal = cross(worldNormal, worldTangent) * v.tangent.w;
o.TtoW0 = float4(worldTangent.x, worldBinormal.x, worldNormal.x, worldPos.x);
o.TtoW1 = float4(worldTangent.y, worldBinormal.y, worldNormal.y, worldPos.y);
o.TtoW2 = float4(worldTangent.z, worldBinormal.z, worldNormal.z, worldPos.z);
return o;
}
fixed4 frag (v2f i) : SV_Target {
float3 worldPos = float3(i.TtoW0.w, i.TtoW1.w, i.TtoW2.w);
fixed3 worldViewDir = normalize(UnityWorldSpaceViewDir(worldPos));
// Get the normal in tangent space
fixed3 bump = UnpackNormal(tex2D(_BumpMap, i.uv.zw));
// Compute the offset in tangent space
float2 offset = bump.xy * _Distortion * _RefractionTex_TexelSize.xy;
i.scrPos.xy = offset * i.scrPos.z + i.scrPos.xy;
fixed3 refrCol = tex2D(_RefractionTex, i.scrPos.xy/i.scrPos.w).rgb;
// Convert the normal to world space
bump = normalize(half3(dot(i.TtoW0.xyz, bump), dot(i.TtoW1.xyz, bump), dot(i.TtoW2.xyz, bump)));
fixed3 reflDir = reflect(-worldViewDir, bump);
fixed4 texColor = tex2D(_MainTex, i.uv.xy);
fixed3 reflCol = texCUBE(_Cubemap, reflDir).rgb * texColor.rgb;
fixed3 finalColor = reflCol * (1 - _RefractAmount) + refrCol * _RefractAmount;
return fixed4(finalColor, 1);
}
ENDCG
}
}
FallBack "Diffuse"
}