动态路由——OSPF(开放式最短路径优先协议)简介

一.OSPF协议原理简介

二.OSPF协议特点

三.OSPF区域

1.OSPF区域划分作用

2.OSPF 区域划分方式:基于接口(链路)划分区域

3.OSPF 区域标识: 最终归结为32个二进制

4.区域分类: 便于区域设计

5.OSPF 路由器角色:

四.OSPF简单配置

1.路由配置

2.缺省路由配置


 

一.OSPF协议原理简介

路由器向邻居发送报文,报文中包含自己所知道的路由信息,与邻居形成邻居表,后路由器之间发送链路状态通告告知邻居自己的链路连接状态,形成LSDB拓扑表,后形成路由表。

二.OSPF协议特点

1.协议范围是IGP内部网关协议,协议算法采用链路状态型路由协议,传递网络掩码(无类别的路由协议) ,基于IP协议封装,IP层协议号为89。

2.OSPF是一种链路状态型协议(既传递路由信息也传递拓扑信息),传递的是 LSA (链路状态通告 共6种类型LSA1 2 3 4 5 7) 。

3.OSPF 更新方式: 触发更新 + 30分钟的周期链路状态刷新 。触发更新—网络结构稳定的时候不发数据,网络结构产生变化(网段数量或信息变化,接口状态变化等)时发数据,OSPF 更新地址: 224.0.0.5/6

4.OSPF 支持区域划分,比较消耗路由器资源。

5.开销值计算方式为100Mbps(参照带宽)/真实带宽,若产生小数点直接舍弃

三.OSPF区域

1.OSPF区域划分作用

限制LSA的传播范围

减少LSA的数量

2.OSPF 区域划分方式:基于接口(链路)划分区域

动态路由——OSPF(开放式最短路径优先协议)简介_第1张图片 

3.OSPF 区域标识: 最终归结为32个二进制

十进制数或者类似于IP地址形式

4.区域分类: 便于区域设计

骨干区域(0区域)

非骨干区域 (非0区域)

区域设计原则:

OSPF网络中必须存在并且唯一的骨干区域(单区域可以不为骨干区域 )

有非骨干区域时,非骨干区域必须与骨干区域直接相连

动态路由——OSPF(开放式最短路径优先协议)简介_第2张图片

 

5.OSPF 路由器角色:

骨干路由器:路由器所有接口都属于骨干区域

非骨干路由器:路由器接口都不属于骨干区域

ABR:区域边界路由器,骨干区域和非骨干区域的接界

ASBR:自治系统边界路由器,位于使用不同协议的路由器边界上,将路由引入为对方能够学习成功的路由

四.OSPF简单配置

动态路由——OSPF(开放式最短路径优先协议)简介_第3张图片

[r1]display ip interface brief 
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              10.1.1.1/24          up         up           
LoopBack0                         1.1.1.1/24           up         up(s)     
[r2]display ip interface brief 
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              20.1.1.1/24          up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              10.1.1.2/24          up         up        
LoopBack0                         2.2.2.2/24           up         up(s)     
[r3]display ip interface brief 
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              20.1.1.2/24          up         up         
LoopBack0                         3.3.3.3/24           up         up(s)     

1.路由配置

(1)启用ospf指定进程号(和rip协议相同,进程号只具有本地意义),指定router id(路由标识符),必须书写,代表着该设备在ospf网络中的唯一性,有两种方式——手工指定,这是最简易的也是最优先的;自动选取环回接口/物理接口最大的作为标识

[r1]ospf 100 router-id 91.1.1.1
[r2]ospf 100 router-id 92.1.1.1
[r3]ospf 100 router-id 93.1.1.1

(2)进入ospf区域(以全区域为例)

[r1-ospf-100]area 0
[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]
[r2-ospf-100]area 0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]
[r3-ospf-100]area 0
[r3-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]

(3)network通告,使用反掩码,实现精确通告,连续的0和连续的1组成,0代表固定位,1代表可变位,仅告知是否可变,不告知网络/主机位

[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 1.1.1.1 0.0.0.0
[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 2.2.2.2 0.0.0.0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 10.1.1.2 0.0.0.0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 20.1.1.1 0.0.0.0
[r3-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 3.3.3.3 0.0.0.0
[r3-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]network 20.1.1.2 0.0.0.0

(4)查表

邻居表

[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ospf peer brief 

	 OSPF Process 100 with Router ID 91.1.1.1
		  Peer Statistic Information
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Area Id          Interface                        Neighbor id      State    
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/0             92.1.1.1         Full        
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ospf peer brief 

	 OSPF Process 100 with Router ID 92.1.1.1
		  Peer Statistic Information
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Area Id          Interface                        Neighbor id      State    
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/1             91.1.1.1         Full        
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/0             93.1.1.1         Full        
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[r3-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ospf peer brief 

	 OSPF Process 100 with Router ID 93.1.1.1
		  Peer Statistic Information
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Area Id          Interface                        Neighbor id      State    
 0.0.0.0          GigabitEthernet0/0/1             92.1.1.1         Full 
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

LSDB表

[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ospf lsdb 

	 OSPF Process 100 with Router ID 91.1.1.1
		 Link State Database 

		         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter          Age  Len   Sequence   Metric
 Router    93.1.1.1        93.1.1.1           284  48    80000005       1
 Router    92.1.1.1        92.1.1.1           292  60    80000009       1
 Router    91.1.1.1        91.1.1.1           428  48    80000005       1
 Network   10.1.1.2        92.1.1.1           422  32    80000002       0
 Network   20.1.1.2        93.1.1.1           284  32    80000002       0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ospf lsdb 

	 OSPF Process 100 with Router ID 92.1.1.1
		 Link State Database 

		         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter          Age  Len   Sequence   Metric
 Router    93.1.1.1        93.1.1.1           302  48    80000005       1
 Router    92.1.1.1        92.1.1.1           310  60    80000009       1
 Router    91.1.1.1        91.1.1.1           448  48    80000005       1
 Network   10.1.1.2        92.1.1.1           440  32    80000002       0
 Network   20.1.1.2        93.1.1.1           302  32    80000002       0
 
[r3-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ospf lsdb 

	 OSPF Process 100 with Router ID 93.1.1.1
		 Link State Database 

		         Area: 0.0.0.0
 Type      LinkState ID    AdvRouter          Age  Len   Sequence   Metric
 Router    93.1.1.1        93.1.1.1           317  48    80000005       1
 Router    92.1.1.1        92.1.1.1           327  60    80000009       1
 Router    91.1.1.1        91.1.1.1           465  48    80000005       1
 Network   10.1.1.2        92.1.1.1           457  32    80000002       0
 Network   20.1.1.2        93.1.1.1           317  32    80000002       0

路由表

[r1-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.2/32  OSPF    10   1           D   10.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
        3.3.3.3/32  OSPF    10   2           D   10.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       20.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   10.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0
[r2-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 2        Routes : 2        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 2        Routes : 2

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        1.1.1.1/32  OSPF    10   1           D   10.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
        3.3.3.3/32  OSPF    10   1           D   20.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

[r3-ospf-100-area-0.0.0.0]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        1.1.1.1/32  OSPF    10   2           D   20.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
        2.2.2.2/32  OSPF    10   1           D   20.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   20.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

可以注意到表内环回接口掩码被标注为32位,表示一条主机路由,固定为一个主机,是由于OSPF测试到你是一个环回接口,默认给你识别为32位。进入环回更改network类型即可还原真实网络掩码。

[r1]interface LoopBack 0
[r1-LoopBack0]ospf network-type broadcast 
[r2]interface LoopBack 0
[r2-LoopBack0]ospf network-type broadcast 
[r3]interface LoopBack 0
[r3-LoopBack0]ospf network-type broadcast 
[r1]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        2.2.2.0/24  OSPF    10   1           D   10.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
        3.3.3.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   10.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0
       20.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   10.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0
[r2]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 2        Routes : 2        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 2        Routes : 2

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        1.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   1           D   10.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
        3.3.3.0/24  OSPF    10   1           D   20.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0
[r3]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        1.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   20.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
        2.2.2.0/24  OSPF    10   1           D   20.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
       10.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   2           D   20.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

2.缺省路由配置

在边界路由器上新建一个环回接口,此时其他路由器不能到达

(1)强制产生

进入ospf进行配置强制产生

[r1]ospf 100
[r1-ospf-100]default-route-advertise always 
[r2]display ip routing-table protocol ospf 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : OSPF
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3        

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 3        Routes : 3

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        0.0.0.0/0   O_ASE   150  1           D   10.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
        1.1.1.0/24  OSPF    10   1           D   10.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet
0/0/1
        3.3.3.0/24  OSPF    10   1           D   20.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet
0/0/0

OSPF routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0

[r2]ping 6.6.6.6
  PING 6.6.6.6: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=20 ms

  --- 6.6.6.6 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/22/30 ms
[r3]ping 6.6.6.6
  PING 6.6.6.6: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=20 ms

  --- 6.6.6.6 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/26/40 ms

(2)新建或已存在其它类型的缺省

进入ospf进行配置

[r1]display ip interface brief 
Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              10.1.1.1/24          up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              unassigned           down       down      
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
LoopBack0                         1.1.1.1/24           up         up(s)     
LoopBack1                         6.6.6.6/24           up         up(s)     
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)     
[r1]ospf 100	
[r1-ospf-100]default-route-advertise 
[r1]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 LoopBack 1
[r1]display ip routing-table protocol static
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public routing table : Static
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1        Configured Routes : 1

Static routing table status : 
         Destinations : 1        Routes : 1

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

        0.0.0.0/0   Static  60   0           D   6.6.6.6         LoopBack1

Static routing table status : 
         Destinations : 0        Routes : 0
[r2]ping 6.6.6.6
  PING 6.6.6.6: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=255 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=255 time=30 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=255 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=255 time=20 ms

  --- 6.6.6.6 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/24/30 ms

[r3]ping 6.6.6.6
  PING 6.6.6.6: 56  data bytes, press CTRL_C to break
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=1 ttl=254 time=40 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=2 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=3 ttl=254 time=30 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=4 ttl=254 time=20 ms
    Reply from 6.6.6.6: bytes=56 Sequence=5 ttl=254 time=30 ms

  --- 6.6.6.6 ping statistics ---
    5 packet(s) transmitted
    5 packet(s) received
    0.00% packet loss
    round-trip min/avg/max = 20/30/40 ms

 

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