Ivan Pavlov(Russian)
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING, 1890s
Conditioned responses could be repressed or unlearned. The notion of conditioning referred to as "stimulus-response" (S-R)psychology.
Experiments on: dogs. Experiments in 1890s.
Edward Thorndike (American)
Connectionism: Law of Effect and Law of Excercise, 1911
learn through achieving successful outcomes from their behaviour.
Experiments on: cats in puzzle boxes
CAVD test
Completion, Arithmetic, Vocabulary and Directions, to measure Human Intelligence.
Joh Watson (American)
CLASSICAL BEHAVIOURISM, 1920s
"Dozen infant" boast: Anyone regardless of their nature can be trained to be anything
Experiments on: Little Albert
Unemotional parenting 1920s-1930s
Child is shaped by environment, a strict behaviorist approach
Edward Tolman (American)
Cognitive (Purposive) Behaviorism, 1932
Human creates a cognive map (God-given maze) of their environment
Experiments on: rats in maze
Edwin Guthrie (American)_Mar24a
LEANRING THEORY, 1920
Once a rat has visited our grain sack, we can plan on its return. A movement is learned from stimulus-response association.
Cats trapped in puzzle boxes.
Zing-Yang Kuo 郭任远 (Chinese)_Mar24b
Behavioural Epigenetics, 1930s
Deny the existence of instinct as an explanation for behaviour. Harmonious relationship, can exist between animals that are traditionally regarded as enemies.
Experiments: raise kittens with rats
Karl Lashley (American Physiologist)_Mar25a
Neuropsychology, before 1950s
The memory trace is not located in a particular place in the brain, but distributed evenly throughout the cerebral cortex.
Experiments: surgery on rats and remove different parts of the cerebral cortex
Konrad Lorenz (Austrian zoologist)_Mar25b
Ethology
Imprinting: happens only in "critical period", it is rapid, irreversible, cannot be forgotten. Geese and other birds follow and become attached to the first moving object they encounter after emerging from their eggs.
"fixed-action patterns": are not learned but genetically programmed.
Experiments on: geese and ducks
B.F.Skinner （Burrhus Frederic Skinner)，
behavior is primarily learned from the results of actions.
Operant conditioning (differs from classical conditioning):
depends on what follows as a consequence of the behavior, not on a preceding stimulus
represents a two-way process, in which an action (or behavior) is operating on the environment, just as much as the environment is shaping the behavior.
Negative reinforcement
whenever a behavior resulted in the negative consequence (of something), there was a decrease in that behavior.
Positive reinforcement
If a behavior leads to the removal of a negative stimulus, that behavior increases.
Positive reinforcement can stimulate particular patterns of behavior.
Experiments on: rats in "Skinner Boxes"