Markovnikov rule, hydronium, chloroethene

Markovnikov rule

mechanism: H in halide would take electron from broken double bond C then halogen hogs electron from H. Secondary carbocation takes precedence over first carbocation, i.e. the carbon with more carbon attached to it is now a carboncation, positive. Then it's more likely to attach halogen.
3d:
e.g.

carbonation.gif

3d.gif

In an acid/hydronium solvent:

acid:hydro.png

chloroethene (vinyl chloride) => polymer

Draw a chloroethene (vinyl chloride), two of them, use Markovnikov rule to add second to first, third to second, etc.

H₃C-CHCl-(CH₂-CHCl)_n-CH₂-CHCl₂, the pattern -(CH₂-CHCl)_n- repeats itself many times => Polymer-vinyl chloride, or, PVC.

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non-pertinent:
I plan to add more but feel 2, SN₁, E₂, E₁> would form another part. Leave that for next session