在tensorflow2.x上使用1.x版本常见错误
最近想换个框架，然后就选了tensorlow，用的是这本教材
说实话，写的一般，而且它里面的很多程序已经用不了了，tensorflow比较特别，它现在的高版本不适应低版本，我自己拆过很多坑，比如如何在version2里面用version1，以及tensorboard打不开等等情况。
我在下面列出来，有需要的可以看一下，希望大家不要再踩坑了！！！！！我就举相似的例子，实际情况要根据那么自己出的问题来解决，另外我用的是tensorflow2.5
问题一：出现类似报错：error: AttributeError: module ‘tensorflow’ has no attribute ‘placeholder’
我在下面的代码里面的设置了占位符placeholder,但是他给我报错了
import tensorflow as tf
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 28, 28, 1], name='input')
w = tf.Variable([10, 0], name='weight')
b = tf.constant(100)
error: AttributeError: module ‘tensorflow’ has no attribute 'placeholder’
你们网上查到的这种写法也是错的：
import tensorflow.compat.v1 as tf
tf.disable_v2_behavior()
其实是因为1.x版本变成了2.x版本，x、w、b对应的方法已经不能直接调用tensorflow了，而且compat这个包也被移到别的地方去了
改成下面这种：
import tensorflow._api.v2.compat.v1 as tf
tf.disable_v2_behavior()
x = tf.placeholder(tf.float32, [None, 28, 28, 1], name='input')
w = tf.Variable([10, 0], name='weight')
b = tf.constant(100)
问题二：tensorboard给的网址上不去
就像这样：
解决方法：
有VPN的建议开一下，然后确保程序没有问题的情况下运行一遍程序，让它生成日志：就是生成这种events开头的文件
我用的是pytcharm，点击下方的Terminal按钮
这个时候它会帮我们启动终端：
输入tensorboard --logdir=日志名字,会得到这样一个结果（中间那些是因为我之前生成过日志，没有也没关系）：
这个不要把这个终端关闭了，把它开着，然后点击网址就进去了：
最重要的是，一定要把你的log文件放在工程的根目录下面，如果不放在根目录里，肯定是进不去的
意思就是，以我的为例，我的工程是这个：
看到那个.idea文件了吗，这个你的主程序还有log文件都要和这个.idea放在一起，比如，你把log_mnist_softmax这个日志和主程序softMaxClassitfy放在data这个文件夹里，你再用上面的方法打开tensorboard是打不开的
问题三：2.x版本的mnist数据集怎么用
正常的教材都是以手写数字识别为例子来进行教学，其实处理数据集本来是一个比较容易的问题的，但是这个mnist_data它的文件格式跟我们以前用过的不一样，要经过特殊的处理，tensorflow为了我们用的方便，所以专门做了一个方法用来处理这个数据集，所以我们经常会看到第四行这句代码：
import tensorflow._api.v2.compat.v1 as tf
tf.disable_v2_behavior()
from tensorflow.examples.tutorials.mnist import input_data
但是这个大部分人都用不了，在pycharm里它长这个样：
这个问题有两个解决方办法：
1
其实这个input_data是一个小脚本，不用去下载了，我直接把代码粘出来，你们直接创建一个python文件直接调用就行了：
# Copyright 2016 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Functions for downloading and reading MNIST data (deprecated).
This module and all its submodules are deprecated.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import collections
import gzip
import os
import numpy
from six.moves import urllib
from six.moves import xrange # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
from tensorflow.python.framework import dtypes
from tensorflow.python.framework import random_seed
from tensorflow.python.platform import gfile
from tensorflow.python.util.deprecation import deprecated
_Datasets = collections.namedtuple('_Datasets', ['train', 'validation', 'test'])
# CVDF mirror of http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/
DEFAULT_SOURCE_URL = 'https://storage.googleapis.com/cvdf-datasets/mnist/'
def _read32(bytestream):
dt = numpy.dtype(numpy.uint32).newbyteorder('>')
return numpy.frombuffer(bytestream.read(4), dtype=dt)[0]
@deprecated(None, 'Please use tf.data to implement this functionality.')
def _extract_images(f):
"""Extract the images into a 4D uint8 numpy array [index, y, x, depth].
Args:
f: A file object that can be passed into a gzip reader.
Returns:
data: A 4D uint8 numpy array [index, y, x, depth].
Raises:
ValueError: If the bytestream does not start with 2051.
"""
print('Extracting', f.name)
with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=f) as bytestream:
magic = _read32(bytestream)
if magic != 2051:
raise ValueError('Invalid magic number %d in MNIST image file: %s' %
(magic, f.name))
num_images = _read32(bytestream)
rows = _read32(bytestream)
cols = _read32(bytestream)
buf = bytestream.read(rows * cols * num_images)
data = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
data = data.reshape(num_images, rows, cols, 1)
return data
@deprecated(None, 'Please use tf.one_hot on tensors.')
def _dense_to_one_hot(labels_dense, num_classes):
"""Convert class labels from scalars to one-hot vectors."""
num_labels = labels_dense.shape[0]
index_offset = numpy.arange(num_labels) * num_classes
labels_one_hot = numpy.zeros((num_labels, num_classes))
labels_one_hot.flat[index_offset + labels_dense.ravel()] = 1
return labels_one_hot
@deprecated(None, 'Please use tf.data to implement this functionality.')
def _extract_labels(f, one_hot=False, num_classes=10):
"""Extract the labels into a 1D uint8 numpy array [index].
Args:
f: A file object that can be passed into a gzip reader.
one_hot: Does one hot encoding for the result.
num_classes: Number of classes for the one hot encoding.
Returns:
labels: a 1D uint8 numpy array.
Raises:
ValueError: If the bystream doesn't start with 2049.
"""
print('Extracting', f.name)
with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=f) as bytestream:
magic = _read32(bytestream)
if magic != 2049:
raise ValueError('Invalid magic number %d in MNIST label file: %s' %
(magic, f.name))
num_items = _read32(bytestream)
buf = bytestream.read(num_items)
labels = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
if one_hot:
return _dense_to_one_hot(labels, num_classes)
return labels
class _DataSet(object):
"""Container class for a _DataSet (deprecated).
THIS CLASS IS DEPRECATED.
"""
@deprecated(None, 'Please use alternatives such as official/mnist/_DataSet.py'
' from tensorflow/models.')
def __init__(self,
images,
labels,
fake_data=False,
one_hot=False,
dtype=dtypes.float32,
reshape=True,
seed=None):
"""Construct a _DataSet.
one_hot arg is used only if fake_data is true. `dtype` can be either
`uint8` to leave the input as `[0, 255]`, or `float32` to rescale into
`[0, 1]`. Seed arg provides for convenient deterministic testing.
Args:
images: The images
labels: The labels
fake_data: Ignore inages and labels, use fake data.
one_hot: Bool, return the labels as one hot vectors (if True) or ints (if
False).
dtype: Output image dtype. One of [uint8, float32]. `uint8` output has
range [0,255]. float32 output has range [0,1].
reshape: Bool. If True returned images are returned flattened to vectors.
seed: The random seed to use.
"""
seed1, seed2 = random_seed.get_seed(seed)
# If op level seed is not set, use whatever graph level seed is returned
numpy.random.seed(seed1 if seed is None else seed2)
dtype = dtypes.as_dtype(dtype).base_dtype
if dtype not in (dtypes.uint8, dtypes.float32):
raise TypeError('Invalid image dtype %r, expected uint8 or float32' %
dtype)
if fake_data:
self._num_examples = 10000
self.one_hot = one_hot
else:
assert images.shape[0] == labels.shape[0], (
'images.shape: %s labels.shape: %s' % (images.shape, labels.shape))
self._num_examples = images.shape[0]
# Convert shape from [num examples, rows, columns, depth]
# to [num examples, rows*columns] (assuming depth == 1)
if reshape:
assert images.shape[3] == 1
images = images.reshape(images.shape[0],
images.shape[1] * images.shape[2])
if dtype == dtypes.float32:
# Convert from [0, 255] -> [0.0, 1.0].
images = images.astype(numpy.float32)
images = numpy.multiply(images, 1.0 / 255.0)
self._images = images
self._labels = labels
self._epochs_completed = 0
self._index_in_epoch = 0
@property
def images(self):
return self._images
@property
def labels(self):
return self._labels
@property
def num_examples(self):
return self._num_examples
@property
def epochs_completed(self):
return self._epochs_completed
def next_batch(self, batch_size, fake_data=False, shuffle=True):
"""Return the next `batch_size` examples from this data set."""
if fake_data:
fake_image = [1] * 784
if self.one_hot:
fake_label = [1] + [0] * 9
else:
fake_label = 0
return [fake_image for _ in xrange(batch_size)
], [fake_label for _ in xrange(batch_size)]
start = self._index_in_epoch
# Shuffle for the first epoch
if self._epochs_completed == 0 and start == 0 and shuffle:
perm0 = numpy.arange(self._num_examples)
numpy.random.shuffle(perm0)
self._images = self.images[perm0]
self._labels = self.labels[perm0]
# Go to the next epoch
if start + batch_size > self._num_examples:
# Finished epoch
self._epochs_completed += 1
# Get the rest examples in this epoch
rest_num_examples = self._num_examples - start
images_rest_part = self._images[start:self._num_examples]
labels_rest_part = self._labels[start:self._num_examples]
# Shuffle the data
if shuffle:
perm = numpy.arange(self._num_examples)
numpy.random.shuffle(perm)
self._images = self.images[perm]
self._labels = self.labels[perm]
# Start next epoch
start = 0
self._index_in_epoch = batch_size - rest_num_examples
end = self._index_in_epoch
images_new_part = self._images[start:end]
labels_new_part = self._labels[start:end]
return numpy.concatenate((images_rest_part, images_new_part),
axis=0), numpy.concatenate(
(labels_rest_part, labels_new_part), axis=0)
else:
self._index_in_epoch += batch_size
end = self._index_in_epoch
return self._images[start:end], self._labels[start:end]
@deprecated(None, 'Please write your own downloading logic.')
def _maybe_download(filename, work_directory, source_url):
"""Download the data from source url, unless it's already here.
Args:
filename: string, name of the file in the directory.
work_directory: string, path to working directory.
source_url: url to download from if file doesn't exist.
Returns:
Path to resulting file.
"""
if not gfile.Exists(work_directory):
gfile.MakeDirs(work_directory)
filepath = os.path.join(work_directory, filename)
if not gfile.Exists(filepath):
urllib.request.urlretrieve(source_url, filepath)
with gfile.GFile(filepath) as f:
size = f.size()
print('Successfully downloaded', filename, size, 'bytes.')
return filepath
@deprecated(None, 'Please use alternatives such as:'
' tensorflow_datasets.load(\'mnist\')')
def read_data_sets(train_dir,
fake_data=False,
one_hot=False,
dtype=dtypes.float32,
reshape=True,
validation_size=5000,
seed=None,
source_url=DEFAULT_SOURCE_URL):
if fake_data:
def fake():
return _DataSet([], [],
fake_data=True,
one_hot=one_hot,
dtype=dtype,
seed=seed)
train = fake()
validation = fake()
test = fake()
return _Datasets(train=train, validation=validation, test=test)
if not source_url: # empty string check
source_url = DEFAULT_SOURCE_URL
train_images_file = 'train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
train_labels_file = 'train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
test_images_file = 't10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
test_labels_file = 't10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
local_file = _maybe_download(train_images_file, train_dir,
source_url + train_images_file)
with gfile.Open(local_file, 'rb') as f:
train_images = _extract_images(f)
local_file = _maybe_download(train_labels_file, train_dir,
source_url + train_labels_file)
with gfile.Open(local_file, 'rb') as f:
train_labels = _extract_labels(f, one_hot=one_hot)
local_file = _maybe_download(test_images_file, train_dir,
source_url + test_images_file)
with gfile.Open(local_file, 'rb') as f:
test_images = _extract_images(f)
local_file = _maybe_download(test_labels_file, train_dir,
source_url + test_labels_file)
with gfile.Open(local_file, 'rb') as f:
test_labels = _extract_labels(f, one_hot=one_hot)
if not 0 <= validation_size <= len(train_images):
raise ValueError(
'Validation size should be between 0 and {}. Received: {}.'.format(
len(train_images), validation_size))
validation_images = train_images[:validation_size]
validation_labels = train_labels[:validation_size]
train_images = train_images[validation_size:]
train_labels = train_labels[validation_size:]
options = dict(dtype=dtype, reshape=reshape, seed=seed)
train = _DataSet(train_images, train_labels, **options)
validation = _DataSet(validation_images, validation_labels, **options)
test = _DataSet(test_images, test_labels, **options)
return _Datasets(train=train, validation=validation, test=test)
2或者是像下面这样（不建议用这个方法）
我们找到安装PY的文件夹：
它里面有一个lib文件夹，打开它，找到一个叫site-packages的文件夹，再打开它，找到tensorflow：
新版本里面，tensorflow就只有这几个文件了，你们取网上看的可能还会有一个叫做tensorflow_core的文件夹，但是那个文章是好几年前写的了，现在版本更新，那个文件已经不在了，现在我们打开第一个文件：tensorflow：
看见了吗？里面有一个core，这个就是以前的tensorflow_core了
打开它，里面有一个叫example的文件夹，它就是我们程序里找不到的example了，里面长这样：
我们看一下你们有没有第二个文件：
没有的话就去这里面下载：
https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow
下载了以后，再改一下路径，上面的代码就能用了
from tensorflow.core.example.tutorials.mnist import input_data
问题四：出现类似这样的报错：error:could not broadcast input array from shape (784) into shape (1)
要么是你的设置占位符的时候张量的形状本身就不对，要么就是你把他写成了类似下面的样子：
result = sess.run(['input:0', y_conv], feed_dict={x: [img]})
一路看下来这个代码好像都没什么问题，这个是因为我们用这种列表类型的 [] 取出方式会为数据降维，要么写成这样：
result = sess.run(y_conv, feed_dict={x: [img]})
要么参照这篇文章的https://blog.csdn.net/u012796629/article/details/102477500
用tf.slice
问题五：出现这种报错TypeError: Fetch argument array([4], dtype=int64) has invalid type , must be a string or Tensor. (Can not convert a ndarray into a Tensor or Operation.)
看一看你用argmax这个方法的地方，
这两句代码的返回值是完全不同的
# print(sess.run(np.argmax(result, 1))) #报错， 用tf的argmax
print(sess.run(tf.argmax(result, 1)))
tf的argmax返回张量，np返回array
可以看看这篇文章https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44810016/article/details/91492069