C++ QUICK REFERENCE
C++ QUICK REFERENCE
Matt Mahoney, [email protected]
DECLARATIONS
enum weekend {SAT,SUN}; // weekend is a type with values SAT and SUN
enum weekend day; // day is a variable of type weekend
enum weekend {SAT=0,SUN=1}; // Explicit representation as int
enum {SAT,SUN} day; // Anonymous enum
STATEMENTS
switch (x) { // x must be int
case X1: a; // If x == X1 (must be a const), jump here
case X2: b; // Else if x == X2, jump here
default: c; // Else jump here (optional)
}
try { a; }
catch (T t) { b; } // If a throws a T, then jump here
catch (...) { c; } // If a throws something else, jump here
FUNCTIONS
T operator+(T x, T y); // a+b (if type T) calls operator+(a, b)
T operator-(T x); // -a calls function operator-(a)
T operator++(int); // postfix ++ or -- (parameter ignored)
extern "C" {void f();} // f() was compiled in C
Function parameters and return values may be of any type. A function must either be declared or defined before it is used. It may be declared first and defined later. Every program consists of a set of a set of global variable declarations and a set of function definitions (possibly in separate files), one of which must be:
EXPRESSIONS
Operators are grouped by precedence, highest first. Unary operators and assignment evaluate right to left. All others are left to right. Precedence does not affect order of evaluation, which is undefined. There are no run time checks for arrays out of bounds, invalid pointers, etc.
::X // Global name X
typeid(x) // Type of x
dynamic_cast<T>(x) // Converts x to a T, checked at run time
static_cast<T>(x) // Converts x to a T, not checked
reinterpret_cast<T>(x) // Interpret bits of x as a T
const_cast<T>(x) // Converts x to same type T but not const
new T // Address of newly allocated T object
new T[x] // Address of allocated n-element array of T
delete p // Destroy and free object at address p
delete[] p // Destroy and free array of objects at p
CLASSES
class T { // A new type
private: // Section accessible only to T's member functions
protected: // Also accessable to classes derived from T
public: // Accessable to all
int x; // Member data
void f(); // Member function
void g() {return;} // Inline member function
void h() const; // Does not modify any data members
int operator+(int y); // t+y means t.operator+(y)
int operator-(); // -t means t.operator-()
T(): x(1) {} // Constructor with initialization list
T(const T& t): x(t.x) {} // Copy constructor
T& operator=(const T& t) {x=t.x; return *this; } // Assignment operator
~T(); // Destructor (automatic cleanup routine)
explicit T(int a); // Allow t=T(3) but not t=3
operator int() const {return x;} // Allows int(t)
friend void i(); // Global function i() has private access
friend class U; // Members of class U have private access
static int y; // Data shared by all T objects
static void l(); // Shared code. May access y but not x
class Z {}; // Nested class T::Z
typedef int V; // T::V means int
};
void T::f() { // Code for member function f of class T
this->x = x;} // this is address of self (means x=x;)
int T::y = 2; // Initialization of static member (required)
T::l(); // Call to static member
struct T { // Equivalent to: class T { public:
virtual void f(); // May be overridden at run time by derived class
virtual void g()=0; }; // Must be overridden (pure virtual)
class U: public T {}; // Derived class U inherits all members of base T
class V: private T {}; // Inherited members of T become private
class W: public T, public U {}; // Multiple inheritance
class X: public virtual T {}; // Classes derived from X have base T directly
All classes have a default copy constructor, assignment operator, and destructor, which perform the corresponding operations on each data member and each base class as shown above. There is also a default no-argument constructor (required to create arrays) if the class has no constructors. Constructors, assignment, and destructors do not inherit.
TEMPLATES
template <class T> T f(T t); // Overload f for all types
template <class T> class X { // Class with type parameter T
X(T t); }; // A constructor
template <class T> X<T>::X(T t) {} // Definition of constructor
X<int> x(3); // An object of type "X of int"
template <class T, class U=T, int n=0> // Template with default parameters
NAMESPACES
namespace N {class T {};} // Hide name T
N::T t; // Use name T in namespace N
using namespace N; // Make T visible without N::
C/C++ STANDARD LIBRARY
Only the most commonly used functions are listed. Header files without .h are in namespace std. File names are actually lower case.
STDIO.H, CSTDIO (Input/output)
FILE* f=fopen("filename", "r"); // Open for reading, NULL (0) if error
// Mode may also be "w" (write) "a" append, "a+" update, "rb" binary
fclose(f); // Close file f
fprintf(f, "x=%d", 3); // Print "x=3" Other conversions:
"%5d %u %-8ld" // int width 5, unsigned int, long left just.
"%o %x %X %lx" // octal, hex, HEX, long hex
"%f %5.1f" // float or double: 123.000000, 123.0
"%e %g" // 1.23e2, use either f or g
"%c %s" // char, char*
"%%" // %
sprintf(s, "x=%d", 3); // Print to array of char s
printf("x=%d�, 3); // Print to stdout (screen unless redirected)
fprintf(stderr, ... // Print to standard error (not redirected)
getc(f); // Read one char (as an int) or EOF from f
ungetc(c, f); // Put back one c to f
getchar(); // getc(stdin);
putc(c, f) // fprintf(f, "%c", c);
putchar(c); // putc(c, stdout);
fgets(s, n, f); // Read line into char s[n] from f. NULL if EOF
gets(s) // fgets(s, INT_MAX, f); no bounds check
fread(s, n, 1, f); // Read n bytes from f to s, return number read
fwrite(s, n, 1, f); // Write n bytes of s to f, return number written
fflush(f); // Force buffered writes to f
fseek(f, n, SEEK_SET); // Position binary file f at n
ftell(f); // Position in f, -1L if error
rewind(f); // fseek(f, 0L, SEEK_SET); clearerr(f);
feof(f); // Is f at end of file?
ferror(f); // Error in f?
perror(s); // Print char* s and error message
clearerr(f); // Clear error code for f
remove("filename"); // Delete file, return 0 if OK
rename("old", "new"); // Rename file, return 0 if OK
f = tmpfile(); // Create temporary file in mode "wb+"
tmpnam(s); // Put a unique file name in char s[L_tmpnam]
STDLIB.H, CSTDLIB (Misc. functions)
atof(s); atol(s); atoi(s);// Convert char* s to float, long, int
rand(), srand(seed); // Random int 0 to RAND_MAX, reset rand()
void* p = malloc(n); // Allocate n bytes. Obsolete: use new
free(p); // Free memory. Obsolete: use delete
exit(n); // Kill program, return status n
system(s); // Execute OS command s (system dependent)
getenv("PATH"); // Environment variable or 0 (system dependent)
abs(n); labs(ln); // Absolute value as int, long
STRING.H, CSTRING (Character array handling functions)
Strings are type char[] with a '\0' in the last element used.
strcpy(dst, src); // Copy string. Not bounds checked
strcat(dst, src); // Concatenate to dst. Not bounds checked
strcmp(s1, s2); // Compare, <0 if s1<s2, 0 if s1==s2, >0 if s1>s2
strncpy(dst, src, n); // Copy up to n chars, also strncat(), strncmp()
strlen(s); // Length of s not counting \0
strchr(s,c); strrchr(s,c);// Address of first/last char c in s or 0
strstr(s, sub); // Address of first substring in s or 0
// mem... functions are for any pointer types (void*), length n bytes
memmove(dst, src, n); // Copy n bytes from src to dst
memcmp(s1, s2, n); // Compare n bytes as in strcmp
memchr(s, c, n); // Find first byte c in s, return address or 0
memset(s, c, n); // Set n bytes of s to c
CTYPE.H, CCTYPE (Character types)
isalnum(c); // Is c a letter or digit?
isalpha(c); isdigit(c); // Is c a letter? Digit?
islower(c); isupper(c); // Is c lower case? Upper case?
tolower(c); toupper(c); // Convert c to lower/upper case
MATH.H, CMATH (Floating point math)
sin(x); cos(x); tan(x); // Trig functions, x (double) is in radians
asin(x); acos(x); atan(x);// Inverses
atan2(y, x); // atan(y/x)
sinh(x); cosh(x); tanh(x);// Hyperbolic
exp(x); log(x); log10(x); // e to the x, log base e, log base 10
pow(x, y); sqrt(x); // x to the y, square root
ceil(x); floor(x); // Round up or down (as a double)
fabs(x); fmod(x, y); // Absolute value, x mod y
TIME.H, CTIME (Clock)
clock()/CLOCKS_PER_SEC; // Time in seconds since program started
time_t t=time(0); // Absolute time in seconds or -1 if unknown
tm* p=gmtime(&t); // 0 if UCT unavailable, else p->tm_X where X is:
sec, min, hour, mday, mon (0-11), year (-1900), wday, yday, isdst
asctime(p); // "Day Mon dd hh:mm:ss yyyy\n"
asctime(localtime(&t)); // Same format, local time
ASSERT.H, CASSERT (Debugging aid)
assert(e); // If e is false, print message and abort
#define NDEBUG // (before #include <assert.h>), turn off assert
NEW.H, NEW (Out of memory handler)
set_new_handler(handler); // Change behavior when out of memory
void handler(void) {throw bad_alloc();} // Default
IOSTREAM.H, IOSTREAM (Replaces stdio.h)
cin >> x >> y; // Read words x and y (any type) from stdin
cout << "x=" << 3 << endl; // Write line to stdout
cerr << x << y << flush; // Write to stderr and flush
c = cin.get(); // c = getchar();
cin.get(c); // Read char
cin.getline(s, n, '\n'); // Read line into char s[n] to '\n' (default)
if (cin) // Good state (not EOF)?
// To read/write any type T:
istream& operator>>(istream& i, T& x) {i >> ...; x=...; return i;}
ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, const T& x) {return o << ...;}
FSTREAM.H, FSTREAM (File I/O works like cin, cout as above)
ifstream f1("filename"); // Open text file for reading
if (f1) // Test if open and input available
f1 >> x; // Read object from file
f1.get(s); // Read char or line
f1.getline(s, n); // Read line into string s[n]
ofstream f2("filename"); // Open file for writing
if (f2) f2 << x; // Write to file
IOMANIP.H, IOMANIP (Output formatting)
cout << setw(6) << setprecision(2) << setfill('0') << 3.1; // print "003.10"
STRING (Variable sized character array)
string s1, s2="hello"; // Create strings
s1.size(), s2.size(); // Number of characters: 0, 5
s1 += s2 + ' ' + "world"; // Concatenation
s1 == "hello world" // Comparison, also <, >, !=, etc.
s1[0]; // 'h'
s1.substr(m, n); // Substring of size n starting at s1[m]
s1.c_str(); // Convert to const char*
getline(cin, s); // Read line ending in '\n'
VECTOR (Variable sized array/stack with built in memory allocation)
vector<int> a(10); // a[0]..a[9] are int (default size is 0)
a.size(); // Number of elements (10)
a.push_back(3); // Increase size to 11, a[10]=3
a.back()=4; // a[10]=4;
a.pop_back(); // Decrease size by 1
a.front(); // a[0];
a[20]=1; // Crash: not bounds checked
a.at(20)=1; // Like a[20] but throws out_of_range()
for (vector<int>::iterator p=a.begin(); p!=a.end(); ++p)
*p=0; // Set all elements of a to 0
vector<int> b(a.begin(), a.end()); // b is copy of a
vector<T> c(n, x); // c[0]..c[n-1] init to x
T d[10]; vector<T> e(d, d+10); // e is initialized from d
DEQUE (array/stack/queue)
deque<T> is like vector<T>, but also supports:
a.push_front(x); // Puts x at a[0], shifts elements toward back
a.pop_front(); // Removes a[0], shifts toward front
UTILITY (Pair)
pair<string, int> a("hello", 3); // A 2-element struct
a.first; // "hello"
a.second; // 3
MAP (associative array)
map<string, int> a; // Map from string to int
a["hello"]=3; // Add or replace element a["hello"]
for (map<string, int>::iterator p=a.begin(); p!=a.end(); ++p)
cout << (*p).first << (*p).second; // Prints hello, 3
a.size(); // 1
ALGORITHM (A collection of 60 algorithms on sequences with iterators)
min(x, y); max(x, y); // Smaller/larger of x, y (any type defining <)
swap(x, y); // Exchange values of variables x and y
sort(a, a+n); // Sort array a[0]..a[n-1] by <
sort(a.begin(), a.end()); // Sort vector or deque