第三章 状语从句

a. 状语从句的本质 将几个分句连起来，表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系

b. 状语从句的省略

i. 省略的条件

1. 主句的主语和从句的主谓一致，或从句主语是it
2. 从句谓语中含有be动词的情况下，我们可将从句的主语和be动词省去（常用于时间、地点、条件及让步状语从句中）

ii. 时间状语从句的省略

1. A zero can have its meaning only when used with real numbers; thoughts can give off brilliant light only when put into actions.

iii. 地点状语从句的省略

1. Where appropriate, introduce personal experiences that will have a common link with your audience.（省略 it is）

iv. 条件状语从句的省略

1. A tiger can’t be tamed unless caught very young.

c. 时间状语从句

i. 时间连词when的用法特点

ii. 时间连词while的用法特点

iii. 时间连词as的用法特点

iv. 时间连词before的用法特点

v. 时间连词after的用法特点

vi. 时间连词since的用法特点

vii. 时间连词until的用法特点

viii. 表示“一….就….”的结构

ix. 一些表示时间的名词短语引导的时间状语从句

d. 地点状语从句

e. 原因状语从句

i. 常见连词的用法 because, for ,as , since

ii. 用介词表示因果关系 because of, due to, owing to

iii. 用其他符合连词表示原因

1. In that
   a. English has an advantages over most of the other languages in that it has become, so to speak, an international language
2. Seeing, now, considering, given that
   a. Seeing that it’s raining hard, we’ll have to stay here for the night.
3. Not that … but that 不是因为，而是因为
4. Inasmuch as, insomuch as, in as much as, in so much as 可表原因，少用，只用于非常正式的场合

iv. Because 的否定转移

1. You don’t love a woman because she is beautiful, but she is beautiful because you love her

f. 目的状语从句 so that, in order that, that

i. 目的状语从句的简化

1. In order to/so as to+ do

ii. 直接用动词不定式表示目的

iii. In order for +sb.+ to do sth.

iv. 其他连词的用法 lest, for fear that, in case

g. 结果状语从句

i. 常见连词用法

1. 连词so … that 的用法
   a. 接形容词
   b. 接副词
   c. 接分词
2. 连词 so that的用法
   a. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.
3. 连词such…. that的用法
4. 连词such that的用法

ii. 比较so 与such 的区别

1. So用法 so is adverb, + adjective or adverb.或接分词
   a. so + adj./adv
   b. so + adj. + a(n) + 单数可数名词
2. Such 用法
   a. Such 后面可直接加各种名词
   b. Such +形容词+名词
   c. 限定词+such+名词

iii. 结果状语从句的简化 so… as to, such…. As to, such as to

iv. 结果状语从句的倒装 讲so , such 引导的置于句首

1. Such is human nature that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.

v. 其他短语连接的结果状语从句 to the great (that), to the extent ( that), to such a degree (that), to such an extent ( that)。 当他们位于句首时，主句要倒装，表强调。

h. 条件状语从句

i. 常见连词用法

1. if, unless
2. only if, if only

ii. must/ have to do… if … be todo 如果…. 必须 …. ，那么不得不

1. if ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition-wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

iii. 其他条件从句的连词 suppose, supposing providing/provided, so long as , as long as, on condition that

iv. 其他表示条件意味的句型

1. 祈使句、省略句 + and = if 从句+主句
   a. Spare the rod and spoil the child = If you spare the rod, you’ll spoil the child.
2. 祈使句、省略句 + or/or else =unless 从句+主句

i. 让步状语从句

i. 常见连词用法 though, although, even though, even if

ii. 表示让步转折关系的介词 despite, in spite of, for all, notwithstanding

iii. 置于句首的while 一般表示“尽管”

iv. No matter wh- no matter+ what,who,when,where,how,which 或者whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, whichever, however来引导让步状语从句

v. As引导的倒装句表示让步 adj/adv/分词/名字/短语 + as +主语+谓语动词

1. 形容词提至句首
2. 副词提至句首
3. 分词提至句首
4. 名词提至句首
5. 动词原形提至句首

vi. “as/so + 形容词 + as 主谓“结构，放在句首表示让步，

vii. 句首用be的倒装句表示让步 由 whether 或 however + may be引导的让步从句可以变成一个句首用be的倒装句

1. Be it ever humble, there is no place like home.

j. 比较状语从句

i. 连词as的基本用法

1. 结构1：as+形容词或副词+as
2. As +形容词 + a(n) +可数名词单数+ as
3. 在否定句中第一个as可用so代替
4. 为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用倒装结构

ii. As 句型一：as much as 结构 往往表示两个事物之间的比较，表示“在同等程度上”

iii. As 句型二：not so much … as 结构

1. 用法
   a. not A so much as B 或 not so much A as B
   b. 从意思上看，与其说A,倒不如说B 或 是B,而不是A
   c. A和B是两个被比较的平行结构，如：同为介词短语，动词不定式，名词短语或其他平行结构
2. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

iv. As句型 三：（just） as … , so结构

1. 用法
   a. 基本意识“正如……”,所以
   b. 第二句可用倒装结构
2. Lead a good life. Two things bring life speedily to an end: folly and immorality. Some lose their life because they have not the intelligence to keep it, others because they have not the will. Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment. A virtuous life never dies. The firmness of the soul is communicated to the body, and a good life is not only long but also full.

v. 连词than的基本用法

1. 可比性问题 同类实物是无法比较的
2. 比较形式问题
3. 为了保持句子平衡，从句还可以用全部或部分倒装 than+助动词+主语
4. No more …. Than结构
   a. 用法
   i. 从结构上看,no more … than 变体 not…. Any more than
   ii. 从功能上看 表示两个事物的类比关系，用than 后面从句中的事物来作比.
   iii. 从意思上看，基本意思是 同….一样不。 不过是类比关系，翻译时要表现出来， 不能…就如同 。。。。不能…一样 ; 正如 ….不能….,所以 。。。。同样不能…..
   iv. 特备注意，than后面的句子为肯定形式，但要译成否定的意思
   b. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
5. 表示倍数比较的三种句型结构
   a. 倍数+比较级
   b. 倍数+as….as
   c. 倍数+名词
6. The more …, the more 结构
7. A is to B what/as c is to D结构
8. 方式状语从句 as, like, as if, as though, the way
   a. As引导方式状语从句
   b. As 引导方式状语从句可倒装
   c. As的特殊用法：用于否定结构
   i. As前面的句子是否定的，as所在的句子是肯定的
   ii. As 前面的句子是肯定的，as所在的句子是否定的