Form表单验证(用户请求验证+生成HTML标签)
- 需求:添加用户界面
- 显示HTML标签
- 提交:数据验证
- 成功之后保存
- 错误显示错误信息
1. 创建Form类
创建自定义类,继承Form , 类属性 最好与数据库 列名相同:
error_messages:错误信息
widget:渲染方式
required:不为空
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(UserForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
# self.fields已经有所有拷贝的字段
self.fields['ut_id'].choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list('id','title')
self.fields['role_id'].choices = models.Role.objects.values_list('id','caption')
如果需要读库的内容,则应该放入 类初始化方法中,不然数据库有更新,却更新不到页面,
因为类属性 只有在第一次生成的时候执行,而 初始化方法 在每次类被调用的时候都执行,能拿到第一手资料
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
class MyForm (Form):
username = fields.CharField(
required=True,
error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})
)
password = fields.CharField(
required=True,
error_messages={'required': '邮箱不能为空','invalid':'邮箱格式错误'},
widget = widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'})
)
# fields.EmailField()
# fields.GenericIPAddressField(protocol='ipv4')
ut_id = fields.ChoiceField(
choices=[],
widget=widgets.Select(attrs={'class':'form-control'})
)
role_id = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
choices=[],
widget=widgets.SelectMultiple(attrs={'class':'form-control'})
)
第一步:创建form类
2. 生成HTML标签:添加页面
form = MyForm()
{{form.xx}}
生成html
3. 带默认值的HTML标签:编辑页面
form = MyForm(initial={'xx': xxx})
{{form.xx}}
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from .forms import MyForm
def index(request):
if request.method == "GET":
obj = MyForm()
return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj})
elif request.method == "POST":
obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
if obj.is_valid():
values = obj.clean()
print(values)
else:
errors = obj.errors
print(errors)
return render(request, 'index.html', {'form': obj})
else:
return redirect('http://www.google.com')
View 处理
4. 提交数据
form = MyForm(data=request.POST)
if form.is_valid():
print(form.cleaned_data)
else:
print(form.errors)
- 问题:下拉框数据无法实时更新
class UserForm(Form):
username = fields.CharField(
required=True,
error_messages={'required':'用户名不能为空'}
)
password = fields.CharField(
required=True,
error_messages={'required': '邮箱不能为空','invalid':'邮箱格式错误'}
)
ut_id = fields.ChoiceField(choices=[])
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(UserForm,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
self.fields['ut_id'].choices = models.UserType.objects.values_list('id','title')
Form类
- 创建Form类时,主要涉及 字段 和 插件:
- 字段:用于对用户请求数据的验证
- 插件:用于自动生成HTML
1. Django内置字段
Field
required=True, 是否允许为空
widget=None, HTML插件
label=None, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages=None, 错误信息 {'required': '不能为空', 'invalid': '格式错误'}
show_hidden_initial=False, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件(可用于检验两次输入是否一直)
validators=[], 自定义验证规则
localize=False, 是否支持本地化
disabled=False, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix=None Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
strip=True 是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value=None, 最大值
min_value=None, 最小值
max_digits=None, 总长度
decimal_places=None, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats=None 时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:2015-09-01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式:11:12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式:2015-09-01 11:12
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔:%d %H:%M:%S.%f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length=None, 最大长度
min_length=None, 最小长度
error_message=None, 忽略,错误信息使用 error_messages={'invalid': '...'}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file=False 是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注:需要PIL模块,pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时,需要注意两点:
- form表单中 enctype="multipart/form-data"
- view函数中 obj = MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices=(), 选项,如:choices = ((0,'上海'),(1,'北京'),)
required=True, 是否必填
widget=None, 插件,默认select插件
label=None, Label内容
initial=None, 初始值
help_text='', 帮助提示
ModelChoiceField(ChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelChoiceField
queryset, # 查询数据库中的数据
empty_label="---------", # 默认空显示内容
to_field_name=None, # HTML中value的值对应的字段
limit_choices_to=None # ModelForm中对queryset二次筛选
ModelMultipleChoiceField(ModelChoiceField)
... django.forms.models.ModelMultipleChoiceField
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce = lambda val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value= '' 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields=() 使用多个验证,如下:即验证最大长度20,又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields=[fields.CharField(max_length=20), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类,子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值,要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats=None, 格式列表:['%Y--%m--%d', '%m%d/%Y', '%m/%d/%y']
input_time_formats=None 格式列表:['%H:%M:%S', '%H:%M:%S.%f', '%H:%M']
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项,目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match=None, 正则匹配
recursive=False, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files=True, 允许文件
allow_folders=False, 允许文件夹
required=True,
widget=None,
label=None,
initial=None,
help_text=''
GenericIPAddressField
protocol='both', both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4=False 解析ipv4地址,如果是::ffff:192.0.2.1时候,可解析为192.0.2.1, PS:protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字,字母,下划线,减号(连字符)
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
...
注:UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid
# make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
>>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP
UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
# make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
# make a random UUID
>>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP
UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
# make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
# make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
>>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')
# convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
>>> str(x)
'00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'
# get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
>>> x.bytes
b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'
# make a UUID from a 16-byte string
>>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
UUID
2. Django内置插件
TextInput(Input)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget
内置插件
常用选择插件
# 单radio,值为字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
# 单radio,值为字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect
# )
# 单select,值为字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
# 单select,值为字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select
# )
# 多选select,值为列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),),
# initial=[1,],
# widget=widgets.SelectMultiple
# )
# 单checkbox
# user = fields.CharField(
# widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
# )
# 多选checkbox,值为列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# initial=[2, ],
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
# )
- 常用插件
class RegisterForm(Form):
name = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'})
)
email = fields.EmailField(
widget=widgets.EmailInput(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
phone = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.Textarea(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
pwd = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'c1'})
)
pwd_confirm = fields.CharField(
widget=widgets.PasswordInput(attrs={'class': 'c1'})
)
# 单选:select
# city = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=[(0,"上海"),(1,'北京')],
# widget=widgets.Select(attrs={'class': 'c1'})
# )
# 多选:select
# city = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# choices=[(1,"上海"),(2,'北京')],
# widget=widgets.SelectMultiple(attrs={'class': 'c1'})
# )
# 单选:checkbox
# city = fields.CharField(
# widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
# )
# 多选:checkbox
# city = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
# )
# 单选:radio
# city = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
注意:写默认值时,多选值对应列表
# form = RegisterForm(initial={'city':[1,2],'name':'alex'})
form = RegisterForm()
实例
- 在使用选择标签时,需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取,但是由于是静态字段 获取的值无法实时更新,那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
<1>
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
initial=2,
widget=widgets.Select
)
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(MyForm,self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# self.fields['user'].widget.choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),)
# 或
self.fields['user'].widget.choices = models.Classes.objects.all().value_list('id','caption')
<2> 使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import models as form_model
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class FInfo(forms.Form):
authors = form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
# authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
3.
自定义验证规则
<1> RegexValidator
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class MyForm(Form):
user = fields.CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', '请输入数字'), RegexValidator(r'^159[0-9]+$', '数字必须以159开头')],
)
<2> 自定义类方法
import re
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
# 自定义验证规则
def mobile_validate(value):
mobile_re = re.compile(r'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$')
if not mobile_re.match(value):
raise ValidationError('手机号码格式错误')
class PublishForm(Form):
# 使用自定义验证规则
phone = fields.CharField(validators=[mobile_validate, ],
error_messages={'required': '手机不能为空'},
widget=widgets.TextInput(attrs={'class': "form-control",
'placeholder': u'手机号码'}))
<3> 定义函数 clean_%s
# 通过 定义函数 clean_%s (%s 是定义 form 类中的变量);
# djangon内部执行到form类中的一个变量后就会立即循环 clean_%s 函数进行执行;
# 如果form类变量中已经有 RegexValidator 验证方法了,则 RegexValidator 优先
from django import forms
from django.forms import fields
from django.forms import widgets
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
class FInfo(forms.Form):
username = fields.CharField(max_length=5,
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.', 'invalid')], )
email = fields.EmailField()
def clean_username(self):
"""
Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后,执行此方法进行验证
:return:
"""
value = self.cleaned_data['username']
if "666" in value:
raise ValidationError('666已经被玩烂了...', 'invalid')
return value
<4> 同时生成多个标签进行验证
from django.forms import Form
from django.forms import widgets
from django.forms import fields
from django.core.validators import RegexValidator
############## 自定义字段 ##############
class PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Define one message for all fields.
error_messages = {
'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.',
}
# Or define a different message for each field.
f = (
fields.CharField(
error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a country calling code.'},
validators=[
RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid country calling code.'),
],
),
fields.CharField(
error_messages={'incomplete': 'Enter a phone number.'},
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid phone number.')],
),
fields.CharField(
validators=[RegexValidator(r'^[0-9]+$', 'Enter a valid extension.')],
required=False,
),
)
super(PhoneField, self).__init__(error_messages=error_messages, fields=f, require_all_fields=False, *args,
**kwargs)
def compress(self, data_list):
"""
当用户验证都通过后,该值返回给用户
:param data_list:
:return:
"""
return data_list
############## 自定义插件 ##############
class SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):
def __init__(self):
ws = (
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
)
super(SplitPhoneWidget, self).__init__(ws)
def decompress(self, value):
"""
处理初始值,当初始值initial不是列表时,调用该方法
:param value:
:return:
"""
if value:
return value.split(',')
return [None, None, None]
<5> 整体验证, 获取 完 类的所有变量后 进行 clean 验证
# 整体验证: clean,必须有返回值,给指定字段添加错误信息
class RegisterForm(Form):
name = fields.CharField()
email = fields.EmailField()
phone = fields.CharField()
pwd = fields.CharField()
pwd_confirm = fields.CharField()
def clean(self):
pwd = self.cleaned_data['pwd']
pwd_confirm = self.cleaned_data['pwd_confirm']
if pwd == pwd_confirm:
return self.cleaned_data
else:
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
# self.add_error('pwd', ValidationError('密码输入不一致'))
self.add_error('pwd_confirm', ValidationError('密码输入不一致'))
return self.cleaned_data