简单了解 RPC 实现原理
之前一直在用rpc框架，内部原理今天学习了一下，原作者梁飞，在此记录下他非常简洁的rpc实现思路，通过该思路了解一下原理。
一个完整的RPC架构里面包含了四个核心的组件，分别是Client，Client Stub，Server以及Server Stub，这个Stub可以理解为存根。
- 客户端(Client)，服务的调用方。
- 客户端存根(Client Stub)，存放服务端的地址消息，再将客户端的请求参数打包成网络消息，然后通过网络远程发送给服务方。
- 服务端(Server)，真正的服务提供者。
- 服务端存根(Server Stub)，接收客户端发送过来的消息，将消息解包，并调用本地的方法。
RPC调用过程：
(1) 客户端（client）以本地调用方式（即以接口的方式）调用服务；
(2) 客户端存根（client stub）接收到调用后，负责将方法、参数等组装成能够进行网络传输的消息体（将消息体对象序列化为二进制）；
(3) 客户端通过sockets将消息发送到服务端；
(4) 服务端存根( server stub）收到消息后进行解码（将消息对象反序列化）；
(5) 服务端存根( server stub）根据解码结果调用本地的服务；
(6) 本地服务执行并将结果返回给服务端存根( server stub）；
(7) 服务端存根( server stub）将返回结果打包成消息（将结果消息对象序列化）；
(8) 服务端（server）通过sockets将消息发送到客户端；
(9) 客户端存根（client stub）接收到结果消息，并进行解码（将结果消息发序列化）；
(10) 客户端（client）得到最终结果。
RPC的目标是要把2、3、4、7、8、9这些步骤都封装起来。
一、核心框架类
/*
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.framework;
import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
/**
* RpcFramework
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class RpcFramework {
/**
* 暴露服务
*
* @param service 服务实现
* @param port 服务端口
* @throws Exception
*/
public static void export(final Object service, int port) throws Exception {
if (service == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("service instance == null");
if (port <= 0 || port > 65535)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid port " + port);
System.out.println("Export service " + service.getClass().getName() + " on port " + port);
ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(port);
for(;;) {
try {
final Socket socket = server.accept();
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
try {
ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
try {
String methodName = input.readUTF();
Class[] parameterTypes = (Class[])input.readObject();
Object[] arguments = (Object[])input.readObject();
ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
try {
Method method = service.getClass().getMethod(methodName, parameterTypes);
Object result = method.invoke(service, arguments);
output.writeObject(result);
} catch (Throwable t) {
output.writeObject(t);
} finally {
output.close();
}
} finally {
input.close();
}
} finally {
socket.close();
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}).start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
/**
* 引用服务
*
* @param 接口泛型
* @param interfaceClass 接口类型
* @param host 服务器主机名
* @param port 服务器端口
* @return 远程服务
* @throws Exception
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public static T refer(final Class interfaceClass, final String host, final int port) throws Exception {
if (interfaceClass == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Interface class == null");
if (! interfaceClass.isInterface())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("The " + interfaceClass.getName() + " must be interface class!");
if (host == null || host.length() == 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Host == null!");
if (port <= 0 || port > 65535)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid port " + port);
System.out.println("Get remote service " + interfaceClass.getName() + " from server " + host + ":" + port);
return (T) Proxy.newProxyInstance(interfaceClass.getClassLoader(), new Class[] {interfaceClass}, new InvocationHandler() {
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] arguments) throws Throwable {
Socket socket = new Socket(host, port);
try {
ObjectOutputStream output = new ObjectOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
try {
output.writeUTF(method.getName());
output.writeObject(method.getParameterTypes());
output.writeObject(arguments);
ObjectInputStream input = new ObjectInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
try {
Object result = input.readObject();
if (result instanceof Throwable) {
throw (Throwable) result;
}
return result;
} finally {
input.close();
}
} finally {
output.close();
}
} finally {
socket.close();
}
}
});
}
} 二、定义服务接口
/*
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;
/**
* HelloService
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public interface HelloService {
String hello(String name);
}三、实现服务
/*
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;
/**
* HelloServiceImpl
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class HelloServiceImpl implements HelloService {
public String hello(String name) {
return "Hello " + name;
}
}四、暴露服务
/*
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;
import com.alibaba.study.rpc.framework.RpcFramework;
/**
* RpcProvider
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class RpcProvider {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
HelloService service = new HelloServiceImpl();
RpcFramework.export(service, 1234);
}
}五、引用服务
/*
* Copyright 2011 Alibaba.com All right reserved. This software is the
* confidential and proprietary information of Alibaba.com ("Confidential
* Information"). You shall not disclose such Confidential Information and shall
* use it only in accordance with the terms of the license agreement you entered
* into with Alibaba.com.
*/
package com.alibaba.study.rpc.test;
import com.alibaba.study.rpc.framework.RpcFramework;
/**
* RpcConsumer
*
* @author william.liangf
*/
public class RpcConsumer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
HelloService service = RpcFramework.refer(HelloService.class, "127.0.0.1", 1234);
for (int i = 0; i < Integer.MAX_VALUE; i ++) {
String hello = service.hello("World" + i);
System.out.println(hello);
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
}
}六、总结
这个简单的例子的实现思路是使用阻塞的socket IO流来进行server和client的通信，也就是rpc应用中服务提供方和服务消费方。并且是端对端的，用端口号来直接进行通信。方法的远程调用使用的是jdk的动态代理，参数的序列化也是使用的最简单的objectStream。
真实的rpc框架会对上面的实现方式进行替换，采用更快更稳定，更高可用易扩展，更适宜分布式场景的中间件，技术来替换。例如使用netty的nio特性达到非阻塞的通信，使用zookeeper统一管理服务注册与发现，解决了端对端不灵活的劣势。代理方式有cglib字节码技术。序列化方式有hession2，fastjson等等。不过梁飞大大的博客使用原生的jdk api就展现给各位读者一个生动形象的rpc demo，实在是强。rpc框架解决的不仅仅是技术层面的实现，还考虑到了rpc调用中的诸多问题，重试机制，超时配置…这些就需要去了解成熟的rpc框架是如果考虑这些问题的了。