CentOS7 下Python3 Flask+uWSGI+nginx项目部署

一、知识概述

1.uWSGI

uWSGI是Web服务器，它实现了WSGI协议、uwsgi、http等协议。Nginx中HttpUwsgiModule的作用是与uWSGI服务器进行交换。

2.Nginx

nginx是一款轻量级的Web服务器、反向代理服务器及电子邮件（IMAP/POP3）代理服务器。主要有反向代理，负载均衡的功能。

3.

实验步骤

一、更新系统软件软件包

[root@www2 ~]#yum update -y

二、安装可能使用的依赖

[root@www2 ~]yum install openssl-devel bzip2-devel expat-devel gdbm-devel readline-devel sqlite-devel psmisc libffi-devel

[root@www2 ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)
[root@www2 ~]# yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel db4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel libffi-devel
已加载插件：fastestmirror
[root@www2 ~]# yum install libffi-devel -y
已加载插件：fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile

三、安装python3

[root@www2 ~]#yum -y install python3
[root@www2 ~]# python3 -V
Python 3.6.8
[root@www2 ~]# pip3 install --upgrade setuptools -i 
[root@www2 ~]# pip3 -V
pip 21.3.1 from /usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/pip (python 3.6)

[root@www2 ~]#ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3  
[root@www2 ~]#ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3.7 /usr/local/bin/pip3

四、配置虚拟环境。

1.更新pip并下载安装virtualenv、virtualenvwrapper

[root@www2 ~]#pip3 install virtualenv -i http://pypi.douban.com/simple/ --trusted-host pypi.douban.com --proxy=192.168.156.218:10000
[root@www2 ~]# python3 -m pip install --upgrade virtualenv -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn                                                                             /simple/ --trusted-host pypi.tsinghua.edu.cn --proxy=192.168.156.218:10000
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/

[root@www2 ~]#pip3 install virtualenvwrapper -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/ --trusted-host pypi.tsinghua.edu.cn --proxy=192.168.156.218:10000

 2.修改.bashrc文件

[root@www2 ~]# find / -name "virtualenvwrapper.sh"
/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
[root@www2 ~]# whereis python3
python3: /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3.6 /usr/bin/python3.6m /usr/bin/python3.6-config /usr/bin/python3.6m-config /usr/bin/python3.6m-x86_64-config /usr/lib/python3.6 /usr/lib64/python3.6 /usr/local/lib/python3.6 /usr/include/python3.6m /usr/share/man/man1/python3.1.gz

[root@www2 ~]# vim ~/.bashrc
[root@www2 ~]# source ~/.bashrc
[root@www2 ~]# vim ~/.bashrc
[root@www2 ~]# cat ~/.bashrc
# .bashrc

# User specific aliases and functions

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

# Source global definitions
if [ -f /etc/bashrc ]; then
        . /etc/bashrc
fi



VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3    # 指定virtualenvwrapper执行的python版本
export WORKON_HOME=/root/app    # 指定虚拟环境存放目录，.virtualenvs目录名可自拟
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh # virtualenvwrapper.sh所在目录
[root@www2 ~]#

 在.bashrc文末添加内容 如上图所示位置 如下内容

VIRTUALENVWRAPPER_PYTHON=/usr/local/python3/bin/python3    # 指定virtualenvwrapper执行的python版本
export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs    # 指定虚拟环境存放目录，.virtualenvs目录名可自拟
source /usr/local/python3/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh    # virtualenvwrapper.sh所在目录

假若source文件时出现情况-bash: /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh: No such file or directory
则说明.bashrc文件中的virtualenvwrapper.sh所在目录错误。

解决方法：

[root@www2 ~]# find / -name "virtualenvwrapper.sh"
/usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh        #.sh文件地址，找到virtualenvwrapper.sh所在目录并修改.bashrc文件

[root@www2 ~]#source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh    #virtualenvwrapper.sh所在目录

3.建立虚拟环境软连接

[root@www2 ~]# find / -name "virtualenvwrapper.sh"
/usr/local/python3/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh
[root@www2 ~]# ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/virtualenv /usr/bin/virtualenv

4.创建虚拟环境

[root@www2 ~]# mkvirtualenv -p python3 py3env
created virtual environment CPython3.6.8.final.0-64 in 967ms
(py3env) [root@www2 ~]# lsvirtualenv
py3env
======


(py3env) [root@www2 ~]# deactivate

5.创建一个名为pytest的文件夹来存放项目 

[root@www2 ~]# cd /root/app/
[root@www2 app]# ll
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x. 5 root root 77 9月  22 14:50 py3env
[root@www2 app]# mkdir -p /root/app/test
[root@www2 app]# cd /root/app/test

 6.为这个项目创建并开启虚拟环境

[root@www2 test]# virtualenv env
created virtual environment CPython3.6.8.final.0-64 in 438ms
[root@www2 test]# source env/bin/activate

 五、进入项目virtualenv环境中安装flask

(env) [root@www2 test]# pip3 install flask -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/ --trusted-host pypi.tsinghua.edu.cn --proxy=192.168.156.218:10000
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/

 上传第一个项目文档app.py

(env) [root@www2 test]# mkdir -p /root/app/pytest
(env) [root@www2 test]# vi /root/app/pytest/app.py
(env) [root@www2 test]# cat /root/app/pytest/app.py
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route("/")
def hello():
    return "Hello World!\r"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=8080)
(env) [root@www2 test]#

运行测试程序

(env) [root@www2 test]# systemctl start firewalld
(env) [root@www2 test]# firewall-cmd --list-all
public (active)
  target: default
  icmp-block-inversion: no
  interfaces: eth0
  sources:
  services: dhcpv6-client ssh
  ports:
  protocols:
  masquerade: no
  forward-ports:
  source-ports:
  icmp-blocks:
  rich rules:

(env) [root@www2 test]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=80/tcp
success
(env) [root@www2 test]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=5000/tcp
success
(env) [root@www2 test]# python3 /root/app/pytest/app.py
 * Serving Flask app 'app' (lazy loading)
 * Environment: production
   WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment.
   Use a production WSGI server instead.
 * Debug mode: off
 * Running on all addresses.
   WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment.
 * Running on http://127.0.0.1:8080/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)

新开一个shell窗口执行curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/ 可以看到有Hello World返回说明应用在flask框架下运行没有问题

[root@www2 ~]# curl http://127.0.0.1:8080
Hello World!

 六、virtualenv环境中安装、配置uwsigi

uWSGI是一个Web Server，并且独占uwsgi协议，但是同时支持WSGI协议、HTTP协议等，它的功能是把HTTP协议转化成语言支持的网络协议供python使用。有点类似于Java的web服务容器中间件tomcat

(env) [root@www2 test]# pip3 install uwsgi -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/ --trust                                                                             ed-host pypi.tsinghua.edu.cn --proxy=192.168.156.218:10000
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
Collecting uwsgi
  Downloading https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/24/fd/93851e4a076719199868d4c918cc93a5                                                                             2742e68370188c1c570a6e42a54f/uwsgi-2.0.20.tar.gz (804 kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 804 kB 280 kB/s
  Preparing metadata (setup.py) ... done
Building wheels for collected packages: uwsgi
  Building wheel for uwsgi (setup.py) ... done
  Created wheel for uwsgi: filename=uWSGI-2.0.20-cp36-cp36m-linux_x86_64.whl size=547307 sha256                                                                             =b67cc5c603ea8c3048e22469a6feaf070eefeafc34130ca6c8e43c3651821588
  Stored in directory: /root/.cache/pip/wheels/f6/25/ce/48ed46c53614f603a4b4b5ead0159c974937332                                                                             62a92fa13b2
Successfully built uwsgi
Installing collected packages: uwsgi
Successfully installed uwsgi-2.0.20

新建一个uwsgi.ini配置文件

(env) [root@www2 test]# vi /root/app/test/uwsgi.ini
(env) [root@www2 test]# cat /root/app/test/uwsgi.ini
[uwsgi]
# uwsgi 启动时所使用的地址与端口
http = 127.0.0.1:8001

#虚拟环境目录
home = /root/app/test/env

#项目目录
pythonpath = /root/app/pytest

#指向网站根目录
chdir = /root/app/pytest

#python启动程序文件
wsgi-file = app.py

#python程序内用于启动的application变量名
callable = app

#处理器数
processes = 4

#线程数
threads = 2

#状态监测地址
stats = 127.0.0.1:9191
(env) [root@www2 test]#

 运行uwsgi

(env) [root@www2 test]#  uwsgi uwsgi.ini
[uWSGI] getting INI configuration from uwsgi.ini
*** Starting uWSGI 2.0.20 (64bit) on [Fri Sep 23 11:17:31 2022] ***
compiled with version: 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) on 22 September 2022 07:43:10
os: Linux-3.10.0-1160.76.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Wed Aug 10 16:21:17 UTC 2022
nodename: www2
machine: x86_64
clock source: unix
pcre jit disabled
detected number of CPU cores: 4
current working directory: /root/app/test
detected binary path: /root/app/test/env/bin/uwsgi
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) ***
chdir() to /root/app/test
your processes number limit is 31191
your memory page size is 4096 bytes
detected max file descriptor number: 1024
lock engine: pthread robust mutexes
thunder lock: disabled (you can enable it with --thunder-lock)
uwsgi socket 0 bound to TCP address 127.0.0.1:8001 fd 3
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) ***
Python version: 3.6.8 (default, Nov 16 2020, 16:55:22)  [GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)]
PEP 405 virtualenv detected: /root/app/test/env
Set PythonHome to /root/app/test/env
Python main interpreter initialized at 0x90b0e0
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) ***
python threads support enabled
your server socket listen backlog is limited to 100 connections
your mercy for graceful operations on workers is 60 seconds
mapped 416880 bytes (407 KB) for 8 cores
*** Operational MODE: preforking+threaded ***
added /root/app/pytest/ to pythonpath.
failed to open python file app.py
unable to load app 0 (mountpoint='') (callable not found or import error)
*** no app loaded. going in full dynamic mode ***
uWSGI running as root, you can use --uid/--gid/--chroot options
*** WARNING: you are running uWSGI as root !!! (use the --uid flag) ***
*** uWSGI is running in multiple interpreter mode ***
spawned uWSGI master process (pid: 12679)
spawned uWSGI worker 1 (pid: 12680, cores: 2)
spawned uWSGI worker 2 (pid: 12681, cores: 2)
spawned uWSGI worker 3 (pid: 12682, cores: 2)
spawned uWSGI worker 4 (pid: 12683, cores: 2)
*** Stats server enabled on 127.0.0.1:9191 fd: 15 ***
invalid request block size: 21573 (max 4096)...skip
^CSIGINT/SIGTERM received...killing workers...
worker 1 buried after 0 seconds
worker 3 buried after 0 seconds
worker 4 buried after 0 seconds
worker 2 buried after 1 seconds
goodbye to uWSGI.

启动以后通过访问curl http://127.0.0.1:8001有Hello World!的返回信息表示uwsgi已经成功启动，并且应用程序正常。

[root@www2 ~]# curl http://127.0.0.1:8001
Hello World!

四、配置Nginx反向代理 

[root@www2 ~]# yum install nginx -y
已加载插件：fastestmirror

[root@www2 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
[root@www2 ~]# cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# For more information on configuration, see:
#   * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
#   * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/doc/nginx/README.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile            on;
    tcp_nopush          on;
    tcp_nodelay         on;
    keepalive_timeout   65;
    types_hash_max_size 4096;

    include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type        application/octet-stream;

    # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
    # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
    # for more information.
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

    server {
        listen       8081;
        server_name  127.0.0.1;
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
#       access_log   /root/app/test/logs/access.log;
#       error_log    /root/app/test/logs/error.log;

        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;


        location / {
                #proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8001;
                include         uwsgi_params;
                uwsgi_pass      127.0.0.1:8001;
                uwsgi_param     UWSGI_PYHOME /root/app/test/env;
                uwsgi_param     UWSGI_CHDIR  /root/app/test;
                uwsgi_param     UWSGI_SCRIPT app:app;
                   }
#        error_page 404 /404.html;
        location = /404.html {
        }

        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
        }
    }

# Settings for a TLS enabled server.
#
#    server {
#        listen       443 ssl http2;
#        listen       [::]:443 ssl http2;
#        server_name  _;
#        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
#
#        ssl_certificate "/etc/pki/nginx/server.crt";
#        ssl_certificate_key "/etc/pki/nginx/private/server.key";
#        ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m;
#        ssl_session_timeout  10m;
#        ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
#        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
#
#        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
#        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
#
#        error_page 404 /404.html;
#            location = /40x.html {
#        }
#
#        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
#            location = /50x.html {
#        }
#    }

}

[root@www2 ~]#

 nginx的server配置如下：

    server {
        listen       8081;
        server_name  127.0.0.1;
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;
#       access_log   /root/app/test/logs/access.log;
#       error_log    /root/app/test/logs/error.log;
 
        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
 
 
        location / {
                #proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8001;
                include         uwsgi_params;
                uwsgi_pass      127.0.0.1:8001;
                uwsgi_param     UWSGI_PYHOME /root/app/test/env;
                uwsgi_param     UWSGI_CHDIR  /root/app/test;
                uwsgi_param     UWSGI_SCRIPT app:app;
                   }

修改后保存并退出，重启nginx服务 

[root@www2 nginx]# systemctl start nginx
[root@www2 nginx]# netstat -npl|grep :
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8080            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      14557/python3
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:8081            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      994/nginx: master p
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      947/sshd
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1282/master
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      947/sshd
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN      1282/master
udp        0      0 127.0.0.1:323           0.0.0.0:*                           713/chronyd
udp6       0      0 ::1:323                 :::*                                713/chronyd
raw        0      0 0.0.0.0:112             0.0.0.0:*               7           6387/keepalived
raw        0      0 0.0.0.0:112             0.0.0.0:*               7           6387/keepalived
[root@www2 nginx]#

启动以后通过访问curl http://127.0.0.1:8081有Hello World!的返回信息表示已经成功启动，并且应用程序正常。

[root@www2 ~]# curl http://127.0.0.1:8081
Hello World!