Android-Looper

Looper简介

Looper.loop是一个死循环,拿不到需要处理的Message就会阻塞,那在UI线程中为什么不会导致ANR?

首先我们来看造成ANR的原因:
1.当前的事件没有机会得到处理(即主线程正在处理前一个事件,没有及时的完成或者looper被某种原因阻塞住了)
2.当前的事件正在处理,但没有及时完成

我们再来看一下APP的入口ActivityThread的main方法:

public static void main(String[] args) {
  
        ...

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        Looper.loop();

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }

显而易见的,如果main方法中没有looper进行死循环,那么主线程一运行完毕就会退出,会导致直接崩溃,还玩什么!

现在我们知道了消息循环的必要性,那为什么这个死循环不会造成ANR异常呢?

我们知道Android 的是由事件驱动的,looper.loop() 不断地接收事件、处理事件,每一个点击触摸或者说Activity的生命周期都是运行在 Looper的控制之下,如果它停止了,应用也就停止了。只能是某一个消息或者说对消息的处理阻塞了 Looper.loop(),而不是 Looper.loop() 阻塞它,这也就是我们为什么不能在UI线程中处理耗时操作的原因。
主线程Looper从消息队列读取消息,当读完所有消息时,主线程阻塞。子线程往消息队列发送消息,唤醒主线程,主线程被唤醒只是为了读取消息,当消息读取完毕,再次睡眠。因此loop的循环并不会对CPU性能有过多的消耗。


Looper类注释

/**
 * Class used to run a message loop for a thread.  Threads by default do
 * not have a message loop associated with them; to create one, call
 * {@link #prepare} in the thread that is to run the loop, and then
 * {@link #loop} to have it process messages until the loop is stopped.
 *
 * 

Most interaction with a message loop is through the * {@link Handler} class. * *

This is a typical example of the implementation of a Looper thread, * using the separation of {@link #prepare} and {@link #loop} to create an * initial Handler to communicate with the Looper. * *

 *  class LooperThread extends Thread {
 *      public Handler mHandler;
 *
 *      public void run() {
 *          Looper.prepare();
 *
 *          mHandler = new Handler() {
 *              public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
 *                  // process incoming messages here
 *              }
 *          };
 *
 *          Looper.loop();
 *      }
 *  }
*/

Looper成员变量

public final class Looper {
 private static final String TAG = "Looper";

    // 静态常量,保证一个线程只有一个 Looper;
    // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    static final ThreadLocal sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal();

    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class
    private static Observer sObserver;

    /**
     * 消息队列是在Looper里面创建的
     */
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    final MessageQueue mQueue;

    /**
     * 当前线程
     */
    final Thread mThread;

    /**
     * 打印日志的
     */
    @UnsupportedAppUsage
    private Printer mLogging;

    private long mTraceTag;

    /**
     * If set, the looper will show a warning log if a message dispatch takes longer than this.
     * 如果设置该设置,如果消息分发时间超过此时间,则该循环程序将显示警告日志。
     */
    private long mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

    /**
     * If set, the looper will show a warning log if a message delivery (actual delivery time -
     * post time) takes longer than this.
     * 如果设置该设置,如果消息传递(实际传递时间-post时间)花费的时间超过此时间,则循环器将显示警告日志。
     */
    private long mSlowDeliveryThresholdMs;

    ....

}

Looper构造函数

   private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed); // 消息队列 这样就实现了Looper和MessageQueue的关联
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();       // 当前线程 这样就实现了Thread和Looper的关联
    }

Looper.prepare();

    /**
     * Initialize the current thread as a looper.
     * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
     * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
     * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
     * {@link #quit()}.
     */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        //每个线程只允许执行一次该方法,第二次执行的线程的TLS已有数据,则会抛出异常。
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        //创建Looper对象,并且保存到当前线程的TLS区域。
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

初始化当前线程和Looper,这样可以在实际开始启动循环(loop())之前创建一个Handler并且关联一个looper。确保在先调用这个方法,然后调用loop()方法,并且通过调用quit()结束。

这里面的入参boolean表示Looper是否允许退出,true就表示允许退出,对于false则表示Looper不允许退出。

prepareMainLooper()方法

    /**
     * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
     * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
     * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
     * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
     */
    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
         // 设置不允许退出的Looper
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            //将当前的Looper保存为Looper。每个线程只允许执行一次
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

初始化当前当前线程的looper。并且标记为一个程序的主Looper。由Android环境来创建应用程序的主Looper。因此这个方法不能由咱们来调用。另请参阅prepare()

  • 首先 通过方法我们看到调用了prepare(false);注意这里的入参是false
  • 其次 做了sMainLooper的非空判断,如果是有值的,直接抛异常,因为这个sMainLooper必须是空,因为主线程有且只能调用一次prepareMainLooper(),如果sMainLooper有值,怎说说明prepareMainLooper()已经被调用了,而sMainLooper的赋值是由myLooper来执行,
  • 最后调用myLooper()方法来给sMainLooper进行赋值。

myLooper()方法

    /**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

这里的sThreadLocal.get()是和prepare(boolean)方法里面的sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));一一对应的。而在prepareMainLooper()方法里面。

    提出一个问题,在prepareMainLooper里面调用myLooper(),那么myLooper()方法的返回有没有可能为null?
    答:第一步就是调用prepare(false);,所以说myLooper()这个方法的返回值是一定有值的。

Looper.loop();

    /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
         // 获取TLS存储的Looper对象
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        //没有Looper 对象,直接抛异常
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        //获取当前Looper对应的消息队列
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        // 确保权限检查基于本地进程,而不是基于最初调用进程
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        // 进入 loop的主循环方法
       // 一个死循环,不停的处理消息队列中的消息,消息的获取是通过MessageQueue的next()方法实现
        for (;;) {
             // 可能会阻塞
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
             // 如果没有消息,则退出循环
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            // 默认为null,可通过setMessageLogging()方法来指定输出,用于debug功能
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }
           // 用于分发消息,调用Message的target变量(也就是Handler了)的dispatchMessage方法来处理消息
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            // 确保分发过程中identity不会损坏
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                // 打印identiy改变的log,在分发消息过程中是不希望身份被改变
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }
            // 将Message放入消息池
            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

loop进入循环模式,不断重复下面的操作,直到没有消息时退出循环
读取MessageQueue的下一条Message
把Message分发给相应的target
再把分发后的Message回到消息池,以便重复利用

Looper的退出循环方法

  /**
     * Quits the looper.
     * 

* Causes the {@link #loop} method to terminate without processing any * more messages in the message queue. *

* Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail. * For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false. *

* Using this method may be unsafe because some messages may not be delivered * before the looper terminates. Consider using {@link #quitSafely} instead to ensure * that all pending work is completed in an orderly manner. *

* * @see #quitSafely */ public void quit() { mQueue.quit(false); }

退出循环
将终止(loop()方法)而不处理消息队列中的任何更多消息。在调用quit()后,任何尝试去发送消息都是失败的。例如Handler.sendMessage(Message)方法将返回false。因为循环终止之后一些message可能会被无法传递,所以这个方法是不安全的。可以考虑使用quitSafely()方法来确保所有的工作有序地完成。

    /**
     * Quits the looper safely.
     * 

* Causes the {@link #loop} method to terminate as soon as all remaining messages * in the message queue that are already due to be delivered have been handled. * However pending delayed messages with due times in the future will not be * delivered before the loop terminates. *

* Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail. * For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false. *

*/ public void quitSafely() { mQueue.quit(true); }

安全退出循环
调用quitSafely()方法会使循环结束,只要消息队列中已经被传递的所有消息都将被处理。然而,在循环结束之前,将来不会提交处理延迟消息。
调用退出后,所有尝试去发送消息都将失败。就像调用Handler.sendMessage(Message)将返回false。

MessageQueue.mQueue.quit(boolean safe);

    void quit(boolean safe) {
        //当mQuitAllowed为false,表示不运行退出,强行调用quit()会超出异常
        //mQuitAllowed 是在Looper构造函数里面构造MessageQueue()以参数参进去的
        if (!mQuitAllowed) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            // 防止多次执行退出操作
            if (mQuitting) {
                return;
            }
            mQuitting = true;

            if (safe) {
                //移除尚未触发的所有消息
                removeAllFutureMessagesLocked();
            } else {
                //移除所有消息
                removeAllMessagesLocked();
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false.
             //mQuitting=false,那么认定mPtr!=0
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }

    当safe=true,只移除尚未触发的所有消息,对于正在触发的消息并不移除
    当safe=false,移除所有消息

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