gorm基础
文章目录
- 安装
- 连接数据库
-
- 连接MySQL
- 连接PostgreSQL
- 模型定义
-
- gorm.Model
- 嵌入结构体
- CRUD
-
- 创建create
-
- 创建记录
- 用指定的字段创建记录
- 批量插入
- 根据 Map 创建
- 检索retrieve
-
- String 条件
- Struct & Map 条件
- 内联条件
- Not 条件
- Or 条件
- Order
- Limit & Offset
- Group By & Having
- 子查询
- From 子查询
- Group 条件
- 带多个列的 In
- 更新update
-
- 保存所有字段
- 更新多列
- 更新选定字段
- 删除delete
-
- 删除一条记录
- 根据主键删除
- 钩子hook
- SQL 构建器
- 原生 SQL
安装
gorm中文网
https://gorm.io/zh_CN/
连接数据库
连接MySQL
package main
import (
"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
_ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql"
)
func main() {
db, err := gorm.Open("mysql", "username:password@(localhost)/dbname?charset=utf8mb4&parseTime=True&loc=Local")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer db.Close()
}
连接PostgreSQL
package main
import (
"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
_ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/postgres"
)
func main() {
db, err := gorm.Open("postgres", "host=myhost port=myport user=gorm dbname=gorm password=mypassword")
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
defer db.Close()
}
模型定义
gorm.Model
// gorm.Model 的定义
type Model struct {
ID uint `gorm:"primaryKey"`
CreatedAt time.Time
UpdatedAt time.Time
DeletedAt gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index"`
}
嵌入结构体
对于匿名字段，GORM 会将其字段包含在父结构体中，例如：
type User struct {
gorm.Model
Name string
}
// 等效于
type User struct {
ID uint `gorm:"primaryKey"`
CreatedAt time.Time
UpdatedAt time.Time
DeletedAt gorm.DeletedAt `gorm:"index"`
Name string
}
对于正常的结构体字段，你也可以通过标签 embedded 将其嵌入，例如：
type Author struct {
Name string
Email string
}
type Blog struct {
ID int
Author Author `gorm:"embedded"`
Upvotes int32
}
// 等效于
type Blog struct {
ID int64
Name string
Email string
Upvotes int32
}
并且，您可以使用标签 embeddedPrefix 来为 db 中的字段名添加前缀，例如：
type Blog struct {
ID int
Author Author `gorm:"embedded;embeddedPrefix:author_"`
Upvotes int32
}
// 等效于
type Blog struct {
ID int64
AuthorName string
AuthorEmail string
Upvotes int32
}
CRUD
创建create
创建记录
user := User{Name: "Jinzhu", Age: 18, Birthday: time.Now()}
result := db.Create(&user) // 通过数据的指针来创建
user.ID // 返回插入数据的主键
result.Error // 返回 error
result.RowsAffected // 返回插入记录的条数
用指定的字段创建记录
创建记录并更新给出的字段。
db.Select("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`name`,`age`,`created_at`) VALUES ("jinzhu", 18, "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")
创建一个记录且一同忽略传递给略去的字段值。
db.Omit("Name", "Age", "CreatedAt").Create(&user)
// INSERT INTO `users` (`birthday`,`updated_at`) VALUES ("2020-01-01 00:00:00.000", "2020-07-04 11:05:21.775")
批量插入
要有效地插入大量记录，请将一个 slice 传递给 Create 方法。 GORM 将生成单独一条SQL语句来插入所有数据，并回填主键的值，钩子方法也会被调用。
var users = []User{{Name: "jinzhu1"}, {Name: "jinzhu2"}, {Name: "jinzhu3"}}
db.Create(&users)
for _, user := range users {
user.ID // 1,2,3
}
使用 CreateInBatches 分批创建时，你可以指定每批的数量，例如：
var users = []User{{name: "jinzhu_1"}, ...., {Name: "jinzhu_10000"}}
// 数量为 100
db.CreateInBatches(users, 100)
根据 Map 创建
GORM 支持根据 map[string]interface{} 和 []map[string]interface{}{} 创建记录，例如：
db.Model(&User{}).Create(map[string]interface{}{
"Name": "jinzhu", "Age": 18,
})
// batch insert from `[]map[string]interface{}{}`
db.Model(&User{}).Create([]map[string]interface{}{
{"Name": "jinzhu_1", "Age": 18},
{"Name": "jinzhu_2", "Age": 20},
})
检索retrieve
String 条件
// Get first matched record
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Get all matched records
db.Where("name <> ?", "jinzhu").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> 'jinzhu';
// IN
db.Where("name IN ?", []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name IN ('jinzhu','jinzhu 2');
// LIKE
db.Where("name LIKE ?", "%jin%").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%jin%';
// AND
db.Where("name = ? AND age >= ?", "jinzhu", "22").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' AND age >= 22;
// Time
db.Where("updated_at > ?", lastWeek).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE updated_at > '2000-01-01 00:00:00';
// BETWEEN
db.Where("created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?", lastWeek, today).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2000-01-01 00:00:00' AND '2000-01-08 00:00:00';
Struct & Map 条件
// Struct
db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Map
db.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 20}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu" AND age = 20;
// Slice of primary keys
db.Where([]int64{20, 21, 22}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);
内联条件
Query conditions can be inlined into methods like First and Find in a similar way to Where.
// Get by primary key if it were a non-integer type
db.First(&user, "id = ?", "string_primary_key")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 'string_primary_key';
// Plain SQL
db.Find(&user, "name = ?", "jinzhu")
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = "jinzhu";
db.Find(&users, "name <> ? AND age > ?", "jinzhu", 20)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age > 20;
// Struct
db.Find(&users, User{Age: 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;
// Map
db.Find(&users, map[string]interface{}{"age": 20})
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;
Not 条件
Build NOT conditions, works similar to Where
db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT name = "jinzhu" ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Not In
db.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ("jinzhu", "jinzhu 2");
// Struct
db.Not(User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 18}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name <> "jinzhu" AND age <> 18 ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
// Not In slice of primary keys
db.Not([]int64{1,2,3}).First(&user)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3) ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;
Or 条件
db.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = 'admin' OR role = 'super_admin';
// Struct
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(User{Name: "jinzhu 2", Age: 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);
// Map
db.Where("name = 'jinzhu'").Or(map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu 2", "age": 18}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'jinzhu' OR (name = 'jinzhu 2' AND age = 18);
Order
Specify order when retrieving records from the database
db.Order("age desc, name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;
// Multiple orders
db.Order("age desc").Order("name").Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;
db.Clauses(clause.OrderBy{
Expression: clause.Expr{SQL: "FIELD(id,?)", Vars: []interface{}{[]int{1, 2, 3}}, WithoutParentheses: true},
}).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY FIELD(id,1,2,3)
Limit & Offset
Limit specify the max number of records to retrieve Offset specify the number of records to skip before starting to return the records
db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;
// Cancel limit condition with -1
db.Limit(10).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)
db.Offset(3).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;
db.Limit(10).Offset(5).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 5 LIMIT 10;
// Cancel offset condition with -1
db.Offset(10).Find(&users1).Offset(-1).Find(&users2)
// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)
// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)
Group By & Having
type result struct {
Date time.Time
Total int
}
db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Where("name LIKE ?", "group%").Group("name").First(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "group%" GROUP BY `name` LIMIT 1
db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Having("name = ?", "group").Find(&result)
// SELECT name, sum(age) as total FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING name = "group"
rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
...
}
rows, err := db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Rows()
defer rows.Close()
for rows.Next() {
...
}
type Result struct {
Date time.Time
Total int64
}
db.Table("orders").Select("date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total").Group("date(created_at)").Having("sum(amount) > ?", 100).Scan(&results)
子查询
子查询可以嵌套在查询中，GORM 允许在使用 *gorm.DB 对象作为参数时生成子查询
db.Where("amount > (?)", db.Table("orders").Select("AVG(amount)")).Find(&orders)
// SELECT * FROM "orders" WHERE amount > (SELECT AVG(amount) FROM "orders");
subQuery := db.Select("AVG(age)").Where("name LIKE ?", "name%").Table("users")
db.Select("AVG(age) as avgage").Group("name").Having("AVG(age) > (?)", subQuery).Find(&results)
// SELECT AVG(age) as avgage FROM `users` GROUP BY `name` HAVING AVG(age) > (SELECT AVG(age) FROM `users` WHERE name LIKE "name%")
From 子查询
GORM 允许您在 Table 方法中通过 FROM 子句使用子查询，例如：
db.Table("(?) as u", db.Model(&User{}).Select("name", "age")).Where("age = ?", 18).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM (SELECT `name`,`age` FROM `users`) as u WHERE `age` = 18
subQuery1 := db.Model(&User{}).Select("name")
subQuery2 := db.Model(&Pet{}).Select("name")
db.Table("(?) as u, (?) as p", subQuery1, subQuery2).Find(&User{})
// SELECT * FROM (SELECT `name` FROM `users`) as u, (SELECT `name` FROM `pets`) as p
Group 条件
使用 Group 条件可以更轻松的编写复杂 SQL
db.Where(
db.Where("pizza = ?", "pepperoni").Where(db.Where("size = ?", "small").Or("size = ?", "medium")),
).Or(
db.Where("pizza = ?", "hawaiian").Where("size = ?", "xlarge"),
).Find(&Pizza{}).Statement
// SELECT * FROM `pizzas` WHERE (pizza = "pepperoni" AND (size = "small" OR size = "medium")) OR (pizza = "hawaiian" AND size = "xlarge")
带多个列的 In
带多个列的 In 查询
db.Where("(name, age, role) IN ?", [][]interface{}{{"jinzhu", 18, "admin"}, {"jinzhu2", 19, "user"}}).Find(&users)
// SELECT * FROM users WHERE (name, age, role) IN (("jinzhu", 18, "admin"), ("jinzhu 2", 19, "user"));
更新update
保存所有字段
Save 会保存所有的字段，即使字段是零值
db.First(&user)
user.Name = "jinzhu 2"
user.Age = 100
db.Save(&user)
// UPDATE users SET name='jinzhu 2', age=100, birthday='2016-01-01', updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;
更新多列
Updates 方法支持 struct 和 map[string]interface{} 参数。当使用 struct 更新时，默认情况下，GORM 只会更新非零值的字段
// 根据 `struct` 更新属性，只会更新非零值的字段
db.Model(&user).Updates(User{Name: "hello", Age: 18, Active: false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, updated_at = '2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id = 111;
// 根据 `map` 更新属性
db.Model(&user).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello', age=18, active=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;
注意 当通过 struct 更新时，GORM 只会更新非零字段。 如果您想确保指定字段被更新，你应该使用
Select更新选定字段，或使用map来完成更新操作
更新选定字段
如果您想要在更新时选定、忽略某些字段，您可以使用 Select、Omit
// 使用 Map 进行 Select
// User's ID is `111`:
db.Model(&user).Select("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET name='hello' WHERE id=111;
db.Model(&user).Omit("name").Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "hello", "age": 18, "active": false})
// UPDATE users SET age=18, active=false, updated_at='2013-11-17 21:34:10' WHERE id=111;
// 使用 Struct 进行 Select（会 select 零值的字段）
db.Model(&user).Select("Name", "Age").Updates(User{Name: "new_name", Age: 0})
// UPDATE users SET name='new_name', age=0 WHERE id=111;
// Select 所有字段（查询包括零值字段的所有字段）
db.Model(&user).Select("*").Update(User{Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Age: 0})
// Select 除 Role 外的所有字段（包括零值字段的所有字段）
db.Model(&user).Select("*").Omit("Role").Update(User{Name: "jinzhu", Role: "admin", Age: 0})
删除delete
删除一条记录
删除一条记录时，删除对象需要指定主键，否则会触发 批量 Delete，例如：
// Email 的 ID 是 `10`
db.Delete(&email)
// DELETE from emails where id = 10;
// 带额外条件的删除
db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Delete(&email)
// DELETE from emails where id = 10 AND name = "jinzhu";
根据主键删除
GORM 允许通过主键(可以是复合主键)和内联条件来删除对象，它可以使用数字（如以下例子。也可以使用字符串——译者注）。查看 查询-内联条件（Query Inline Conditions） 了解详情。
db.Delete(&User{}, 10)
// DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 10;
db.Delete(&User{}, "10")
// DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 10;
db.Delete(&users, []int{1,2,3})
// DELETE FROM users WHERE id IN (1,2,3);
钩子hook
hook主页https://gorm.io/zh_CN/docs/hooks.html
Hook 是在创建、查询、更新、删除等操作之前、之后调用的函数。
如果您已经为模型定义了指定的方法，它会在创建、更新、查询、删除时自动被调用。如果任何回调返回错误，GORM 将停止后续的操作并回滚事务。
钩子方法的函数签名应该是 func(*gorm.DB) error
SQL 构建器
原生 SQL
原生查询 SQL 和 Scan
type Result struct {
ID int
Name string
Age int
}
var result Result
db.Raw("SELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", 3).Scan(&result)
db.Raw("SELECT id, name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?", 3).Scan(&result)
var age int
db.Raw("SELECT SUM(age) FROM users WHERE role = ?", "admin").Scan(&age)
var users []User
db.Raw("UPDATE users SET name = ? WHERE age = ? RETURNING id, name", "jinzhu", 20).Scan(&users)
Exec 原生 SQL
db.Exec("DROP TABLE users")
db.Exec("UPDATE orders SET shipped_at = ? WHERE id IN ?", time.Now(), []int64{1, 2, 3})
// Exec with SQL Expression
db.Exec("UPDATE users SET money = ? WHERE name = ?", gorm.Expr("money * ? + ?", 10000, 1), "jinzhu")