Python分享之requests（2）
5）定制头和cookie信息
header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''}
cookie = {'key':'value'}
r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)
data = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}
r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers)
print(r.text)6）响应状态码
使用requests方法后，会返回一个response对象，其存储了服务器响应的内容，如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例：当你访问 r.text 之时，会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码，并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。
r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org')
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)
r.encoding = 'GBK'
print(r.text, '\n{}\n'.format('*'*79), r.encoding)示例代码：
import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf') # 最基本的不带参数的get请求
print(r.status_code) # 获取返回状态
r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'}) # 带参数的get请求
print(r1.url)
print(r1.text) # 打印解码后的返回数据运行结果：
/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py
200
http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python
…………
Process finished with exit code 0
r.status_code #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常7）响应
r.headers #返回字典类型,头信息
r.requests.headers #返回发送到服务器的头信息
r.cookies #返回cookie
r.history #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向8）超时
r = requests.get('url',timeout=1) #设置秒数超时，仅对于连接有效9)会话对象，能够跨请求保持某些参数
s = requests.Session()
s.auth = ('auth','passwd')
s.headers = {'key':'value'}
r = s.get('url')
r1 = s.get('url1') 10）代理
proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' }
requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)汇总：
# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")
# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示
#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港
#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）
#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json
# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)
#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下
# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] #读取cookies
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies
#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)
#设置访问代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
"https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)
#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:[email protected]:3128/",
}
# HTTP请求类型
# get类型
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
# post类型
r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post")
# put类型
r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put")
# delete类型
r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete")
# head类型
r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head")
# options类型
r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")
# 获取响应内容
print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符
print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示
#URL传递参数
payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'}
r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload)
print（r.url） #示例为http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=香港
#获取/修改网页编码
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print （r.encoding）
#json处理
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print（r.json()） # 需要先import json
# 定制请求头
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'}
r = requests.post(url, headers=headers)
print （r.request.headers)
#复杂post请求
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下
# post多部分编码文件
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com'
files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
# 响应状态码
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print(r.status_code)
# 响应头
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com')
print (r.headers)
print (r.headers['Content-Type'])
print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式
# Cookies
url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url'
r = requests.get(url)
r.cookies['example_cookie_name'] #读取cookies
url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies'
cookies = dict(cookies_are='working')
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies
#设置超时时间
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)
#设置访问代理
proxies = {
"http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",
"https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",
}
r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)
#如果代理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样：
proxies = {
"http": "http://user:[email protected]:3128/",
}3、示例代码
GET请求
# 1、无参数实例
import requests
ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)
# 2、有参数实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)
print(ret.url)
print(ret.text)POST请求
# 1、基本POST实例
import requests
payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}
ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
print(ret.text)
# 2、发送请求头和数据实例
import requests
import json
url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
payload = {'some': 'data'}
headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)
print(ret.text)
print(ret.cookies)请求参数
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
"""Constructs and sends a :class:`Request `.
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
to add for the file.
:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
:param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) ` tuple.
:type timeout: float or tuple
:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
:type allow_redirects: bool
:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
:param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
:return: :class:`Response ` object
:rtype: requests.Response
Usage::
>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
"""
def param_method_url():
# requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
# requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
pass
def param_param():
# - 可以是字典
# - 可以是字符串
# - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
# 错误
# requests.request(method='get',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
pass
def param_data():
# 可以是字典
# 可以是字符串
# 可以是字节
# 可以是文件对象
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
# headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
# )
pass
def param_json():
# 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)
# 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})
def param_headers():
# 发送请求头到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
)
def param_cookies():
# 发送Cookie到服务器端
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
)
# 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
from http.cookiejar import Cookie
obj = CookieJar()
obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
)
requests.request(method='POST',
url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
cookies=obj)
def param_files():
# 发送文件
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
# 发送文件，定制文件名
# file_dict = {
# 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
# }
# requests.request(method='POST',
# url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
# files=file_dict)
pass
def param_auth():
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth
ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
# auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
# ret.encoding = 'gbk'
# print(ret.text)
# ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
# print(ret)
#
def param_timeout():
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
# print(ret)
# ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
# print(ret)
pass
def param_allow_redirects():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
print(ret.text)
def param_proxies():
# proxies = {
# "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
# "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
# }
# proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}
# ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
# print(ret.headers)
# from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
#
# proxyDict = {
# 'http': '77.75.105.165',
# 'https': '77.75.105.165'
# }
# auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
#
# r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
# print(r.text)
pass
def param_stream():
ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
print(ret.content)
ret.close()
# from contextlib import closing
# with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
# # 在此处理响应。
# for i in r.iter_content():
# print(i)
def requests_session():
import requests
session = requests.Session()
### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data={
'phone': "8615131255089",
'password': "xxxxxx",
'oneMonth': ""
}
)
i3 = session.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
)
print(i3.text) json请求：
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
import json
class url_request():
def __init__(self):
''' init '''
if __name__ == '__main__':
heard = {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
payload = {'CountryName': '中国',
'ProvinceName': '四川省',
'L1CityName': 'chengdu',
'L2CityName': 'yibing',
'TownName': '',
'Longitude': '107.33393',
'Latitude': '33.157131',
'Language': 'CN'}
r = requests.post("http://www.xxxxxx.com/CityLocation/json/LBSLocateCity", heards=heard, data=payload)
data = r.json()
if r.status_code!=200:
print('LBSLocateCity API Error' + str(r.status_code))
print(data['CityEntities'][0]['CityID']) # 打印返回json中的某个key的value
print(data['ResponseStatus']['Ack'])
print(json.dump(data, indent=4, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False)) # 树形打印json，ensure_ascii必须设为False否则中文会显示为unicodeXml请求：
#! /usr/bin/python3
import requests
class url_request():
def __init__(self):
"""init"""
if __name__ == '__main__':
heards = {'Content-type': 'text/xml'}
XML = 'WeChatJSTicket.JobWS.Job.JobRefreshTicket,WeChatJSTicket.JobWS RUN 1127.0.0.1 1 false 状态异常处理
import requests
URL = 'http://ip.taobao.com/service/getIpInfo.php' # 淘宝IP地址库API
try:
r = requests.get(URL, params={'ip': '8.8.8.8'}, timeout=1)
r.raise_for_status() # 如果响应状态码不是 200，就主动抛出异常
except requests.RequestException as e:
print(e)
else:
result = r.json()
print(type(result), result, sep='\n')上传文件
使用request模块，也可以上传文件，文件的类型会自动进行处理：
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)request更加方便的是，可以把字符串当作文件进行上传：
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': open('/home/rxf/test.jpg', 'rb')}
#files = {'file': ('report.jpg', open('/home/lyb/sjzl.mpg', 'rb'))} #显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)request更加方便的是，可以把字符串当作文件进行上传：
import requests
url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8080/upload'
files = {'file': ('test.txt', b'Hello Requests.')} #必需显式的设置文件名
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
print(r.text)