telnet
telnet: 23/tcp
明文
C/S:
默认:禁止管理直接登录
总结:
telnet
telnet-server
xinetd
ssh
ssh: secure shell, 22/tcp
sshv1, sshv2
sshv1基于CRC-32做MAC,不安全;
sshv2基于双方主机的协商选择使用最安全的MAC方式
加密机制及MAC机制由双方协商选定;
基于DH实现密钥交换,基于RSA或DSA实现身份认证;
客户端通过检查服务器端的主机密钥来判断是否能够继续通信;
OpenSSH 是一组用于安全地访问远程计算机的连接工具。 它可以作为 rlogin、 rsh rcp 以及 telnet 的直接替代品使用。 更进一步, 其他任何 TCP/IP 连接都可以通过 SSH 安全地进行隧道/转发。 OpenSSH 对所有的传输进行加密, 从而有效地阻止了窃听、 连接劫持, 以及其他网络级的攻击。OpenSSH 由 OpenBSD project 维护。
登录过程和使用 rlogin 或 telnet 建立的会话非常类似。 在连接时, SSH 会利用一个密钥指纹系统来验证服务器的真实性。 只有在第一次连接时, 用户会被要求输入 yes。 之后的连接将会验证预先保存下来的密钥指纹。 如果保存的指纹与登录时接收到的不符, 则将会给出警告。 指纹保存在 ~/.ssh/known_hosts 中, 对于 SSH v2 指纹, 则是 ~/.ssh/known_hosts2。
默认情况下, 较新版本的 OpenSSH 只接受 SSH v2 连接。 如果能用版本 2 则客户程序会自动使用, 否则它会返回使用版本 1 的模式。 此外, 也可以通过命令行参数 -1 或 -2 来相应地强制使用版本 1 或 2。 保持客户端的版本 1 能力是为了考虑较早版本的兼容性。
openssh:
C/S
S: sshd
C: ssh
windows客户端:
putty,xshell,securecrt,sshshellclient
openssh的客户端组件:
ssh: 配置/etc/ssh/ssh_config
ssh [username@]host [COMMAND]
ssh -l username host [COMMAND]
-p PORT
scp: 利用ssh协议在主机之间实现安全文件传输的工具
scp SRC1... DEST
分两种情形:
1、源文件在本机,目标为远程
# scp /path/to/somefile... USERNAME@HOST:/path/to/somewhere
[root@coffee zzz]# scp /zzz/manpages-zh-1.5.2.tar.bz2 [email protected]:/test
[email protected]'s password:
manpages-zh-1.5.2.tar.bz2
2、源文件在远程,本地为目标
# scp USERNAME@HOST:/path/to/somewhere /path/to/somewhere
[root@coffee zzz]# scp [email protected]:/test/zhang /zzz
[email protected]'s password:
zhang
-r: 复制目录时使用
-p: 保持源文件的元数据信息,包括mode和timestamp
-q: 静默模式
-p PORT: 指定ssh协议监听的端口
sftp: 基于ssh的ftp服务
用法:sftp USERNAME@HOST
openssh的服务器端:sshd
配置文件:/etc/ssh/sshd_config
服务脚本:/etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd
脚本配置文件:/etc/sysconfig/sshd
配置参数:
# man sshd_config
经常需要修改的参数:
Port: 修改默认监听的端口
ListenAddress
sshd认证方式:
1、基于口令的认证;
2、基于密钥的认证;
# ssh-keygen -t rsa
默认密钥为id_rsa, id_rsa.pub
-f /path/to/somefile: 密钥文件保存位置
-P '': 指定oldpassword
# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub USERNAME@HOST
[root@coffee ~]# ssh [email protected] 用root身份连接到151主机 exit为退出
[email protected]'s password:
Last login: Tue Jun 18 05:06:03 2019 from 192.168.0.161
[root@coffee ~]# exit
logout
Connection to 192.168.0.151 closed.
[root@coffee ~]#
[root@coffee ~]# ssh [email protected] 'uname -r' 用root身份到151主机上执行uname命令后返回
[email protected]'s password:
2.6.32-754.14.2.el6.x86_64
[root@coffee ~]# uname -r
3.10.0-957.12.2.el7.x86_64
最佳实践:
1、不要使用默认的22号端口;
2、不要使用protocol 1;
3、限制可登录的用户
白名单:
AllowUsers user1 user2 ...
AllowGroups grp1 grp2...
黑名单:
DenyUsers
DenyGroups
4、设定空闲会话超时时长
ClientAliveInterval 300
ClientAliveCountMax 0
5、利用防火墙设置ssh访问策略;
6、仅监听在特定的IP地址,而非本机所有的IP地址;
7、使用强密码策略
# tr -dc A-Za-z0-9_ < /dev/urandom | head -c 30 | xargs
8、使用基于密钥的认证;
9、禁止使用空密码;
10、禁止root用户直接登录;
11、限制ssh的访问频度
12、做好日志,经常分析;
总结:
ssh: /etc/ssh/ssh_config
sshd: /etc/ssh/sshd_config
ssh, scp, sftp
lastb: 最近失败登录的尝试
dropbear
客户端配置文件
[root@coffee zzz]# vim /etc/ssh/ssh_config
# Tunnel no
# Protocol 2 协议版本
# Cipher 3des 对称加密
# Ciphers aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,arcfour256,arcfour128,aes128-cbc,3des-cbc 所有加密方式
# MACs hmac-md5,hmac-sha1,[email protected],hmac-ripemd160 消息摘认证
# EscapeChar ~
# Tunnel no
# TunnelDevice any:any
# PermitLocalCommand no
# VisualHostKey no
# ProxyCommand ssh -q -W %h:%p gateway.example.com
# RekeyLimit 1G 1h
#
# Uncomment this if you want to use .local domain
# Host *.local
# CheckHostIP no
上面的为默认值,把要启用的选项,可以写到下面
Host *
GSSAPIAuthentication yes
# If this option is set to yes then remote X11 clients will have full access
# to the original X11 display. As virtually no X11 client supports the untrusted
# mode correctly we set this to yes.
服务器端
修改22端口时关闭 selinux 和防火墙
[root@coffee ~]# getenforce
Enforcing
[root@coffee ~]# setenforce 0
[root@coffee ~]# service iptables stop
[root@coffee .ssh]# rpm -q openssh 检查服务器端是否安装
/var/log/secure 日志保存位置,root才能查看
[root@coffee ~]# vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# $OpenBSD: sshd_config,v 1.80 2008/07/02 02:24:18 djm Exp $
# This is the sshd server system-wide configuration file. See
# sshd_config(5) for more information.
# This sshd was compiled with PATH=/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin
# The strategy used for options in the default sshd_config shipped with
# OpenSSH is to specify options with their default value where
# possible, but leave them commented. Uncommented options change a
# default value.
#Port 22 监听端口 建议修改
#AddressFamily any "any"(默认)、"inet"(仅IPv4)、"inet6"(仅IPv6)。
#ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 监听ipv4本机所以网络地址
#ListenAddress :: 监听ipv6的本机所有网络地址
# Disable legacy (protocol version 1) support in the server for new
# installations. In future the default will change to require explicit
# activation of protocol 1
Protocol 2
# HostKey for protocol version 1
#HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key
# HostKeys for protocol version 2
#HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
#HostKey /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key
# Lifetime and size of ephemeral version 1 server key
#KeyRegenerationInterval 1h 秘钥有效时间1小时
#ServerKeyBits 1024 主机秘钥长度
# Logging
# obsoletes QuietMode and FascistLogging
#SyslogFacility AUTH
SyslogFacility AUTHPRIV 日志记录方式
#LogLevel INFO
# Authentication:
#LoginGraceTime 2m 登录超时时间2分钟
#PermitRootLogin yes 是否允许管理员登录 建议关闭
#StrictModes yes
#MaxAuthTries 6 密码允许错误次数
#MaxSessions 10 最多允许同时登录数量
#RSAAuthentication yes
#PubkeyAuthentication yes
#AuthorizedKeysFile .ssh/authorized_keys
#AuthorizedKeysCommand none
#AuthorizedKeysCommandRunAs nobody
# For this to work you will also need host keys in /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts
#RhostsRSAAuthentication no
# similar for protocol version 2
#HostbasedAuthentication no
# Change to yes if you don't trust ~/.ssh/known_hosts for
# RhostsRSAAuthentication and HostbasedAuthentication
#IgnoreUserKnownHosts no
# Don't read the user's ~/.rhosts and ~/.shosts files
#IgnoreRhosts yes
# To disable tunneled clear text passwords, change to no here!
#PasswordAuthentication yes
#PermitEmptyPasswords no
PasswordAuthentication yes 是否允许密码登录 建议关闭
# Change to no to disable s/key passwords
#ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes
ChallengeResponseAuthentication no
# Kerberos options 大公司统一账号认证
#KerberosAuthentication no
#KerberosOrLocalPasswd yes
#KerberosTicketCleanup yes
#KerberosGetAFSToken no
#KerberosUseKuserok yes
# GSSAPI options
#GSSAPIAuthentication no
GSSAPIAuthentication yes
#GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes
GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes
#GSSAPIStrictAcceptorCheck yes
#GSSAPIKeyExchange no
# Set this to 'yes' to enable PAM authentication, account processing,
# and session processing. If this is enabled, PAM authentication will
# be allowed through the ChallengeResponseAuthentication and
# PasswordAuthentication. Depending on your PAM configuration,
# PAM authentication via ChallengeResponseAuthentication may bypass
# the setting of "PermitRootLogin without-password".
# If you just want the PAM account and session checks to run without
# PAM authentication, then enable this but set PasswordAuthentication
# and ChallengeResponseAuthentication to 'no'.
#UsePAM no
UsePAM yes
# Accept locale-related environment variables
AcceptEnv LANG LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES
AcceptEnv LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT
AcceptEnv LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_ALL LANGUAGE
AcceptEnv XMODIFIERS
#AllowAgentForwarding yes
#AllowTcpForwarding yes
#GatewayPorts no
#X11Forwarding no
X11Forwarding yes X11图形转发 建议开启
#X11DisplayOffset 10
#X11UseLocalhost yes
#PrintMotd yes
#PrintLastLog yes
#TCPKeepAlive yes
#UseLogin no
#UsePrivilegeSeparation yes
#PermitUserEnvironment no
#Compression delayed
#ClientAliveInterval 0
#ClientAliveCountMax 3
#ShowPatchLevel no
#UseDNS yes 是否连接成功后反解析DNS 建议关闭不然卡很久
#PidFile /var/run/sshd.pid
#MaxStartups 10:30:100
#PermitTunnel no
#ChrootDirectory none
# no default banner path
#Banner none
# override default of no subsystems
Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server 是否开启sftp连接
# Example of overriding settings on a per-user basis
#Match User anoncvs
# X11Forwarding no
# AllowTcpForwarding no
# ForceCommand cvs server
生成秘钥对
[root@coffee .ssh]# ssh-keygen -t rsa 在客户端生成。拷贝
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa): 保存位置
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 私钥是否加密,直接回车不用加密
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:UTyhCttSN+sw2zUezSH0LaukS0ix0zRULLfgI6NILTs root@coffee
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
| .+=. |
| .o+=. . |
| .. o.B+.o+ . |
| o .=oBo=.+ + |
| . +o.OoS.= + |
| E .o O = + |
| . o = o |
| . . |
| . |
+----[SHA256]-----+
[root@coffee .ssh]# ls
id_rsa id_rsa.pub known_hosts id_rsa为私钥 id_rsa.pub为公钥
[root@coffee .ssh]#
[root@coffee .ssh]# ssh-copy-id -i id_rsa.pub [email protected] 把公钥拷贝到需要连接的主机上
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "id_rsa.pub"
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
[email protected]'s password:
Number of key(s) added: 1
Now try logging into the machine, with: "ssh '[email protected]'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.
默认为对方主机的~/.ssh/authorized_keys 文件