左邻右舍裂差法求和 以及 连续自然数的立方和公式

左邻右舍裂差法求和

1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 5 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) = ? 1\times2+2\times3+3\times4+4\times5+...+n\times(n+1)=? 1×2+2×3+3×4+4×5+...+n×(n+1)=?

看成数列 a n = n 2 + n , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=n^2+n, (n\in N^+) an=n2+n,(nN+) 的前 n n n 项和 S n S_n Sn.

原理:将式子中的一项裂为两项,分开后的两项与前后各项能够消去。

原式 × 3 ÷ 3 = 原式\times3\div3= 原式×3÷3=

1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 3 + 3 × 4 × 3 + 4 × 5 × 3 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × 3 3 \dfrac{1\times2\times3+2\times3\times3+3\times4\times3+4\times5\times3+...+n\times(n+1)\times3}{3} 31×2×3+2×3×3+3×4×3+4×5×3+...+n×(n+1)×3

= 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × ( 4 − 1 ) + 3 × 4 × ( 5 − 2 ) + 4 × 5 × ( 6 − 3 ) + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × [ ( n + 2 ) − ( n − 1 ) ] 3 =\dfrac{1\times2\times3+2\times3\times(4-1)+3\times4\times(5-2)+4\times5\times(6-3)+...+n\times(n+1)\times[(n+2)-(n-1)]}{3} =31×2×3+2×3×(41)+3×4×(52)+4×5×(63)+...+n×(n+1)×[(n+2)(n1)]

= 1 × 2 × 3 − 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 − 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 − 3 × 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 × 6 − . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 3 =\dfrac{1\times2\times3-1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4-2\times3\times4+3\times4\times5-3\times4\times5+4\times5\times6-...+n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)}{3} =31×2×31×2×3+2×3×42×3×4+3×4×53×4×5+4×5×6...+n×(n+1)×(n+2)

= n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 3 . =\dfrac{n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)}{3}. =3n×(n+1)×(n+2).

∴ 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 5 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) = n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 3 . \therefore 1\times2+2\times3+3\times4+4\times5+...+n\times(n+1)=\dfrac{n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)}{3}. 1×2+2×3+3×4+4×5+...+n×(n+1)=3n×(n+1)×(n+2).

数列 a n = n 2 + n , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=n^2+n, (n\in N^+) an=n2+n,(nN+) 的前 n n n 项和 S n = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 3 S_n=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3} Sn=3n(n+1)(n+2).

原式 × 3 ÷ 3 原式\times3\div3 原式×3÷3 乘以3再除以3不是偶然,换成其他的数就不行,因为
2 × 3 × ( 4 − 1 ) 2\times3\times(4-1) 2×3×(41)
左邻 − 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 -1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4 1×2×3+2×3×4 右舍 : 左邻右舍裂差法求和,构造的这个数与该项乘开以后,正好能够左右与其他项消去。

也可以使用连续自然数的平方和公式快速求得结果:
∑ i = 1 n [ i × ( i + 1 ) ] = ∑ i = 1 n ( i 2 + i ) = ∑ i = 1 n i 2 + ∑ i = 1 n i = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 + n ( n + 1 ) 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 3 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}[i\times(i+1)]=\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}(i^2+i)=\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^2+\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i=\dfrac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}+\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3} i=1n[i×(i+1)]=i=1n(i2+i)=i=1ni2+i=1ni=6n(n+1)(2n+1)+2n(n+1)=3n(n+1)(n+2).


又如:数列 a n = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=n(n+1)(n+2), (n\in N^+) an=n(n+1)(n+2),(nN+) 的前 n n n 项和
1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 × 6 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4+3\times4\times5+4\times5\times6+...+n\times(n+1)\times(n+2) 1×2×3+2×3×4+3×4×5+4×5×6+...+n×(n+1)×(n+2)

= [ 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 × 6 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) ] × 4 ÷ 4 =[1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4+3\times4\times5+4\times5\times6+...+n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)]\times4\div4 =[1×2×3+2×3×4+3×4×5+4×5×6+...+n×(n+1)×(n+2)]×4÷4

= n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) 4 = \dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{4} =4n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3).


同样的道理:
对于数列 a n = 4 n 2 − 1 , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=4n^2-1, (n\in N^+) an=4n21,(nN+) 的前 n n n 项和 S n S_n Sn 有:
S n = 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) S_n=1\times3+3\times5+5\times7+...+(2n-1)(2n+1) Sn=1×3+3×5+5×7+...+(2n1)(2n+1)

= [ 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ] × 6 ÷ 6 =[1\times3+3\times5+5\times7+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)]\times6\div6 =[1×3+3×5+5×7+...+(2n1)(2n+1)]×6÷6

= 1 6 [ 1 × 3 × ( 5 + 1 ) + 3 × 5 × ( 7 − 1 ) + 5 × 7 × ( 9 − 3 ) + 7 × 9 × ( 11 − 5 ) + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 − 2 n ) ] =\dfrac{1}{6}[1\times3\times(5+1)+3\times5\times(7-1)+5\times7\times(9-3)+7\times9\times(11-5)+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3-2n)] =61[1×3×(5+1)+3×5×(71)+5×7×(93)+7×9×(115)+...+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+32n)]

= 1 6 [ 1 × 3 + 1 × 3 × 5 − 1 × 3 × 5 + 3 × 5 × 7 − 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 × 7 × 9 − 5 × 7 × 9 + 7 × 9 × 11 − . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ] =\dfrac{1}{6}[1\times3+1\times3\times5-1\times3\times5+3\times5\times7-3\times5\times7+5\times7\times9-5\times7\times9+7\times9\times11-...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)] =61[1×3+1×3×51×3×5+3×5×73×5×7+5×7×95×7×9+7×9×11...+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)]

= 3 + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) 6 = n ( 4 n 2 + 6 n − 1 ) 3 =\dfrac{3+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)}{6}=\dfrac{n(4n^2+6n-1)}{3} =63+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)=3n(4n2+6n1).

或者使用平方和公式直接得出结果:
∑ i = 1 n ( 4 i 2 − 1 ) = 4 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 − n = 4 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 − n = n ( 4 n 2 + 6 n − 1 ) 3 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}(4i^2-1)=4·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^2-n=4·\dfrac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}-n=\dfrac{n(4n^2+6n-1)}{3} i=1n(4i21)=4i=1ni2n=46n(n+1)(2n+1)n=3n(4n2+6n1).


对于数列 a n = 8 n 3 + 12 n 2 − 2 n − 3 , n ∈ N + a_n=8n^3+12n^2-2n-3, n\in N^+ an=8n3+12n22n3,nN+ 的前 n n n 项和 S n S_n Sn 有:

S n = 1 × 3 × 5 + 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 × 7 × 9 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) S_n=1\times3\times5+3\times5\times7+5\times7\times9+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3) Sn=1×3×5+3×5×7+5×7×9+...+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)

= [ 1 × 3 × 5 + 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 × 7 × 9 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ] × 8 ÷ 8 =[1\times3\times5+3\times5\times7+5\times7\times9+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)]\times8\div8 =[1×3×5+3×5×7+5×7×9+...+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)]×8÷8

= 1 8 ⋅ [ 1 × 3 × 5 × ( 7 + 1 ) + 3 × 5 × 7 × ( 9 − 1 ) + 5 × 7 × 9 × ( 11 − 3 ) + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ( 2 n + 5 − 2 n + 3 ) ] =\dfrac{1}{8}·[1\times3\times5\times(7+1)+3\times5\times7\times(9-1)+5\times7\times9\times(11-3)+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5-2n+3)] =81[1×3×5×(7+1)+3×5×7×(91)+5×7×9×(113)+...+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+52n+3)]

= 1 8 ⋅ [ 15 + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ( 2 n + 5 ) ] =\dfrac{1}{8}·[15+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5)] =81[15+(2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5)]

= 2 n 4 + 8 n 3 + 7 n 2 − 2 n =2n^4+8n^3+7n^2-2n =2n4+8n3+7n22n.

从以上结果中可以推出 连续自然数的立方和公式:
∑ i = 1 n ( 8 i 3 + 12 i 2 − 2 i − 3 ) = 8 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 3 + 12 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 − 2 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i − 3 n \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}(8i^3+12i^2-2i-3)=8·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3+12·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^2-2·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i-3n i=1n(8i3+12i22i3)=8i=1ni3+12i=1ni22i=1ni3n

= 8 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 3 + 12 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 − 2 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) 2 − 3 n =8·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3+12·\dfrac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}-2·\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}-3n =8i=1ni3+126n(n+1)(2n+1)22n(n+1)3n

= 2 n 4 + 8 n 3 + 7 n 2 − 2 n =2n^4+8n^3+7n^2-2n =2n4+8n3+7n22n

∑ i = 1 n i 3 = 1 8 ⋅ [ ( 2 n 4 + 8 n 3 + 7 n 2 − 2 n ) − 2 n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) + n ( n + 1 ) + 3 n ] = n 4 + 2 n 3 + n 2 4 = [ n ( n + 1 ) 2 ] 2 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3=\dfrac{1}{8}·[(2n^4+8n^3+7n^2-2n)-2n(n+1)(2n+1)+n(n+1)+3n]=\dfrac{n^4+2n^3+n^2}{4}=[\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}]^2 i=1ni3=81[(2n4+8n3+7n22n)2n(n+1)(2n+1)+n(n+1)+3n]=4n4+2n3+n2=[2n(n+1)]2.

∴ \therefore 连续自然数的立方和公式为: ∑ i = 1 n i 3 = n 4 + 2 n 3 + n 2 4 = [ n ( n + 1 ) 2 ] 2 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3=\dfrac{n^4+2n^3+n^2}{4}=[\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}]^2 i=1ni3=4n4+2n3+n2=[2n(n+1)]2.

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