1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 5 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) = ? 1\times2+2\times3+3\times4+4\times5+...+n\times(n+1)=? 1×2+2×3+3×4+4×5+...+n×(n+1)=?
看成数列 a n = n 2 + n , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=n^2+n, (n\in N^+) an=n2+n,(n∈N+) 的前 n n n 项和 S n S_n Sn.
原理:将式子中的一项裂为两项,分开后的两项与前后各项能够消去。
原式 × 3 ÷ 3 = 原式\times3\div3= 原式×3÷3=
1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 3 + 3 × 4 × 3 + 4 × 5 × 3 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × 3 3 \dfrac{1\times2\times3+2\times3\times3+3\times4\times3+4\times5\times3+...+n\times(n+1)\times3}{3} 31×2×3+2×3×3+3×4×3+4×5×3+...+n×(n+1)×3
= 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × ( 4 − 1 ) + 3 × 4 × ( 5 − 2 ) + 4 × 5 × ( 6 − 3 ) + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × [ ( n + 2 ) − ( n − 1 ) ] 3 =\dfrac{1\times2\times3+2\times3\times(4-1)+3\times4\times(5-2)+4\times5\times(6-3)+...+n\times(n+1)\times[(n+2)-(n-1)]}{3} =31×2×3+2×3×(4−1)+3×4×(5−2)+4×5×(6−3)+...+n×(n+1)×[(n+2)−(n−1)]
= 1 × 2 × 3 − 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 − 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 − 3 × 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 × 6 − . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 3 =\dfrac{1\times2\times3-1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4-2\times3\times4+3\times4\times5-3\times4\times5+4\times5\times6-...+n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)}{3} =31×2×3−1×2×3+2×3×4−2×3×4+3×4×5−3×4×5+4×5×6−...+n×(n+1)×(n+2)
= n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 3 . =\dfrac{n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)}{3}. =3n×(n+1)×(n+2).
∴ 1 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 5 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) = n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 3 . \therefore 1\times2+2\times3+3\times4+4\times5+...+n\times(n+1)=\dfrac{n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)}{3}. ∴1×2+2×3+3×4+4×5+...+n×(n+1)=3n×(n+1)×(n+2).
数列 a n = n 2 + n , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=n^2+n, (n\in N^+) an=n2+n,(n∈N+) 的前 n n n 项和 S n = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 3 S_n=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3} Sn=3n(n+1)(n+2).
原式 × 3 ÷ 3 原式\times3\div3 原式×3÷3 乘以3再除以3不是偶然,换成其他的数就不行
,因为
2 × 3 × ( 4 − 1 ) 2\times3\times(4-1) 2×3×(4−1)
左邻
− 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 -1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4 −1×2×3+2×3×4 右舍
: 左邻右舍裂差法求和,构造的这个数与该项乘开以后,正好能够左右与其他项消去。
也可以使用连续自然数的平方和公式快速求得结果:
∑ i = 1 n [ i × ( i + 1 ) ] = ∑ i = 1 n ( i 2 + i ) = ∑ i = 1 n i 2 + ∑ i = 1 n i = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 + n ( n + 1 ) 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 3 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}[i\times(i+1)]=\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}(i^2+i)=\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^2+\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i=\dfrac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}+\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}=\dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)}{3} i=1∑n[i×(i+1)]=i=1∑n(i2+i)=i=1∑ni2+i=1∑ni=6n(n+1)(2n+1)+2n(n+1)=3n(n+1)(n+2).
又如:数列 a n = n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=n(n+1)(n+2), (n\in N^+) an=n(n+1)(n+2),(n∈N+) 的前 n n n 项和
1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 × 6 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) 1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4+3\times4\times5+4\times5\times6+...+n\times(n+1)\times(n+2) 1×2×3+2×3×4+3×4×5+4×5×6+...+n×(n+1)×(n+2)
= [ 1 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 4 + 3 × 4 × 5 + 4 × 5 × 6 + . . . + n × ( n + 1 ) × ( n + 2 ) ] × 4 ÷ 4 =[1\times2\times3+2\times3\times4+3\times4\times5+4\times5\times6+...+n\times(n+1)\times(n+2)]\times4\div4 =[1×2×3+2×3×4+3×4×5+4×5×6+...+n×(n+1)×(n+2)]×4÷4
= n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) ( n + 3 ) 4 = \dfrac{n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{4} =4n(n+1)(n+2)(n+3).
同样的道理:
对于数列 a n = 4 n 2 − 1 , ( n ∈ N + ) a_n=4n^2-1, (n\in N^+) an=4n2−1,(n∈N+) 的前 n n n 项和 S n S_n Sn 有:
S n = 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) S_n=1\times3+3\times5+5\times7+...+(2n-1)(2n+1) Sn=1×3+3×5+5×7+...+(2n−1)(2n+1)
= [ 1 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 5 × 7 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ] × 6 ÷ 6 =[1\times3+3\times5+5\times7+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)]\times6\div6 =[1×3+3×5+5×7+...+(2n−1)(2n+1)]×6÷6
= 1 6 [ 1 × 3 × ( 5 + 1 ) + 3 × 5 × ( 7 − 1 ) + 5 × 7 × ( 9 − 3 ) + 7 × 9 × ( 11 − 5 ) + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 − 2 n ) ] =\dfrac{1}{6}[1\times3\times(5+1)+3\times5\times(7-1)+5\times7\times(9-3)+7\times9\times(11-5)+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3-2n)] =61[1×3×(5+1)+3×5×(7−1)+5×7×(9−3)+7×9×(11−5)+...+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3−2n)]
= 1 6 [ 1 × 3 + 1 × 3 × 5 − 1 × 3 × 5 + 3 × 5 × 7 − 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 × 7 × 9 − 5 × 7 × 9 + 7 × 9 × 11 − . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ] =\dfrac{1}{6}[1\times3+1\times3\times5-1\times3\times5+3\times5\times7-3\times5\times7+5\times7\times9-5\times7\times9+7\times9\times11-...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)] =61[1×3+1×3×5−1×3×5+3×5×7−3×5×7+5×7×9−5×7×9+7×9×11−...+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)]
= 3 + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) 6 = n ( 4 n 2 + 6 n − 1 ) 3 =\dfrac{3+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)}{6}=\dfrac{n(4n^2+6n-1)}{3} =63+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)=3n(4n2+6n−1).
或者使用平方和公式直接得出结果:
∑ i = 1 n ( 4 i 2 − 1 ) = 4 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 − n = 4 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 − n = n ( 4 n 2 + 6 n − 1 ) 3 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}(4i^2-1)=4·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^2-n=4·\dfrac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}-n=\dfrac{n(4n^2+6n-1)}{3} i=1∑n(4i2−1)=4⋅i=1∑ni2−n=4⋅6n(n+1)(2n+1)−n=3n(4n2+6n−1).
对于数列 a n = 8 n 3 + 12 n 2 − 2 n − 3 , n ∈ N + a_n=8n^3+12n^2-2n-3, n\in N^+ an=8n3+12n2−2n−3,n∈N+ 的前 n n n 项和 S n S_n Sn 有:
S n = 1 × 3 × 5 + 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 × 7 × 9 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) S_n=1\times3\times5+3\times5\times7+5\times7\times9+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3) Sn=1×3×5+3×5×7+5×7×9+...+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)
= [ 1 × 3 × 5 + 3 × 5 × 7 + 5 × 7 × 9 + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ] × 8 ÷ 8 =[1\times3\times5+3\times5\times7+5\times7\times9+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)]\times8\div8 =[1×3×5+3×5×7+5×7×9+...+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)]×8÷8
= 1 8 ⋅ [ 1 × 3 × 5 × ( 7 + 1 ) + 3 × 5 × 7 × ( 9 − 1 ) + 5 × 7 × 9 × ( 11 − 3 ) + . . . + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ( 2 n + 5 − 2 n + 3 ) ] =\dfrac{1}{8}·[1\times3\times5\times(7+1)+3\times5\times7\times(9-1)+5\times7\times9\times(11-3)+...+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5-2n+3)] =81⋅[1×3×5×(7+1)+3×5×7×(9−1)+5×7×9×(11−3)+...+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5−2n+3)]
= 1 8 ⋅ [ 15 + ( 2 n − 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 3 ) ( 2 n + 5 ) ] =\dfrac{1}{8}·[15+(2n-1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5)] =81⋅[15+(2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)(2n+5)]
= 2 n 4 + 8 n 3 + 7 n 2 − 2 n =2n^4+8n^3+7n^2-2n =2n4+8n3+7n2−2n.
从以上结果中可以推出 连续自然数的立方和公式:
∑ i = 1 n ( 8 i 3 + 12 i 2 − 2 i − 3 ) = 8 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 3 + 12 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 2 − 2 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i − 3 n \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}(8i^3+12i^2-2i-3)=8·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3+12·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^2-2·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i-3n i=1∑n(8i3+12i2−2i−3)=8⋅i=1∑ni3+12⋅i=1∑ni2−2⋅i=1∑ni−3n
= 8 ⋅ ∑ i = 1 n i 3 + 12 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 − 2 ⋅ n ( n + 1 ) 2 − 3 n =8·\stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3+12·\dfrac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}-2·\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}-3n =8⋅i=1∑ni3+12⋅6n(n+1)(2n+1)−2⋅2n(n+1)−3n
= 2 n 4 + 8 n 3 + 7 n 2 − 2 n =2n^4+8n^3+7n^2-2n =2n4+8n3+7n2−2n
∑ i = 1 n i 3 = 1 8 ⋅ [ ( 2 n 4 + 8 n 3 + 7 n 2 − 2 n ) − 2 n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) + n ( n + 1 ) + 3 n ] = n 4 + 2 n 3 + n 2 4 = [ n ( n + 1 ) 2 ] 2 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3=\dfrac{1}{8}·[(2n^4+8n^3+7n^2-2n)-2n(n+1)(2n+1)+n(n+1)+3n]=\dfrac{n^4+2n^3+n^2}{4}=[\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}]^2 i=1∑ni3=81⋅[(2n4+8n3+7n2−2n)−2n(n+1)(2n+1)+n(n+1)+3n]=4n4+2n3+n2=[2n(n+1)]2.
∴ \therefore ∴ 连续自然数的立方和公式为: ∑ i = 1 n i 3 = n 4 + 2 n 3 + n 2 4 = [ n ( n + 1 ) 2 ] 2 \stackrel{n}{\sum\limits_{i=1}}i^3=\dfrac{n^4+2n^3+n^2}{4}=[\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}]^2 i=1∑ni3=4n4+2n3+n2=[2n(n+1)]2.