[Java基础] StringBuffer 和 StringBuilder 类应用及源码分析
[Java基础] 数组应用及源码分析
[Java基础] String,分析内存地址,源码
[JDK8环境下的HashMap类应用及源码分析] 第一篇 空构造函数初始化
[JDK8环境下的HashMap类应用及源码分析] 第二篇 看源码了解HashMap的扩容机制
[JDK8环境下的HashMap类应用及源码分析] 第三篇 修改capacity实验
[JDK8环境下的HashMap类应用及源码分析] 第四篇 HashMap哈希碰撞、HashMap存储结构、链表变红黑树
HashMap是一种基于数组和链表(或红黑树)的数据结构,它通过哈希函数将键映射到数组的一个位置,并在该位置存储一个键值对的节点。
HashMap的put方法在插入数据前,首先要计算键的哈希值(hash(key))和索引,然后在相应的位置插入或更新节点,如果节点数超过阈值(threshold),就会进行扩容(resize())或树化。
HashMap的get方法主要是根据键的哈希值和索引,找到对应的位置,然后遍历链表或红黑树,返回匹配的值。
public class HashMap {
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
}
public class Object {
public native int hashCode();
}
public final class System {
/**
* Returns the same hash code for the given object as
* would be returned by the default method hashCode(),
* whether or not the given object's class overrides
* hashCode().
* The hash code for the null reference is zero.
*
* @param x object for which the hashCode is to be calculated
* @return the hashCode
* @since JDK1.1
*/
public static native int identityHashCode(Object x);
}
下文引用自:深入解析Java对象和类在HotSpot VM内部的具体实现
对象哈希值
_mark中有一个hash code字段,表示对象的哈希值。每个Java对象都有自己的哈希值,如果没有重写Object.hashCode()方法,那么虚拟机会为它自动生成一个哈希值。哈希值生成的策略如代码清单3-4所示:
代码清单3-4 对象hash值生成策略
static inline intptr_t get_next_hash(Thread * Self, oop obj) {
intptr_t value = 0; if (hashCode == 0) { // Park-Miller随机数生成器 value =
os::random(); } else if (hashCode == 1) { // 每次STW时生成stwRandom做随机
intptr_t addrBits = cast_from_oop
Java层调用Object.hashCode()或者System.identityHashCode(),最终会调用虚拟机层的runtime/synchronizer的get_next_hash()生成哈希值。
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8; //链表转红黑树
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
//判断table是否初始化
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
//如果是,调用 resize() 方法,进行初始化并赋值
n = (tab = resize()).length;
//通过hash获取下标,如果数据为null
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
// tab[i]下标没有值,创建新的Node并赋值
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
//tab[i] 下标的有数据,发生碰撞
Node<K,V> e; K k;
//判断tab[i]的hash值和传入的hash值相同,tab[i]的的key值和传入的key值相同
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
//如果是key值相同直接替换即可
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)//判断数据结构为红黑树
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {//数据结构是链表
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
//p的下一个节点为null,表示p就是最后一个节点
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
//创建新的Node节点并插入链表的尾部
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
//当元素>=8-1,链表转为树(红黑树)结构
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
//如果key在链表中已经存在,则退出循环
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
//更新p指向下一个节点,继续遍历
p = e;
}
}
//如果key在链表中已经存在,则修改其原先key的value值,并且返回老的value值
if (e != null) {
V oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
e.value = value;
afterNodeAccess(e);//替换旧值时会调用的方法(默认实现为空)
return oldValue;
}
}
++modCount;//修改次数
//根据map值判断是否要对map的大小扩容
if (++size > threshold)
resize();
afterNodeInsertion(evict);//插入成功时会调用的方法(默认实现为空)
return null;
}
查看putVal源码,key、vlaue数据类型使用泛型,任意引用类型都可以(Java基础类型不可以,因为基本数据类型不能调用其hashcode()方法和equals()方法,进行比较,所以HashMap集合的key只能为引用数据类型,不能为基本数据类型,可以使用基本数据类型的包装类,例如Integer、Double、Long、Float等)。
见【1.2】代码部分,tab变量的类型Node,实现了Map.Entry接口
Node里有hash、key、value等属性,也有next下一个节点变量(链表)
Node实现了toString、hashCode、equals等方法;
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
interface Entry<K,V> {
K getKey();
V getValue();
V setValue(V value);
boolean equals(Object o);
int hashCode();
public static <K extends Comparable<? super K>, V> Comparator<Map.Entry<K,V>> comparingByKey() {
return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
(c1, c2) -> c1.getKey().compareTo(c2.getKey());
}
public static <K, V extends Comparable<? super V>> Comparator<Map.Entry<K,V>> comparingByValue() {
return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
(c1, c2) -> c1.getValue().compareTo(c2.getValue());
}
public static <K, V> Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> comparingByKey(Comparator<? super K> cmp) {
Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
(c1, c2) -> cmp.compare(c1.getKey(), c2.getKey());
}
public static <K, V> Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> comparingByValue(Comparator<? super V> cmp){
Objects.requireNonNull(cmp);
return (Comparator<Map.Entry<K, V>> & Serializable)
(c1, c2) -> cmp.compare(c1.getValue(), c2.getValue());
}
}
见【1.2】代码部分,p变量的类型TreeNode,实现了LinkedHashMap.Entry接口
TreeNode里有red等属性,也有parent、left、right、prev等变量(红黑树)
TreeNode实现了treeify、find、putTreeVal等方法
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links
TreeNode<K,V> left;
TreeNode<K,V> right;
TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion
boolean red;
TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node<K,V> next) {
super(hash, key, val, next);
}
final TreeNode<K,V> root() {
for (TreeNode<K,V> r = this, p;;) {
if ((p = r.parent) == null)
return r;
r = p;
}
}
static <K,V> void moveRootToFront(Node<K,V>[] tab, TreeNode<K,V> root) {
...
}
final TreeNode<K,V> find(int h, Object k, Class<?> kc) {
TreeNode<K,V> p = this;
do {
int ph, dir; K pk;
TreeNode<K,V> pl = p.left, pr = p.right, q;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
p = pl;
else if (ph < h)
p = pr;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if (pl == null)
p = pr;
else if (pr == null)
p = pl;
else if ((kc != null ||
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) != null) &&
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) != 0)
p = (dir < 0) ? pl : pr;
else if ((q = pr.find(h, k, kc)) != null)
return q;
else
p = pl;
} while (p != null);
return null;
}
final TreeNode<K,V> getTreeNode(int h, Object k) {
return ((parent != null) ? root() : this).find(h, k, null);
}
static int tieBreakOrder(Object a, Object b) {
int d;
if (a == null || b == null ||
(d = a.getClass().getName().
compareTo(b.getClass().getName())) == 0)
d = (System.identityHashCode(a) <= System.identityHashCode(b) ?
-1 : 1);
return d;
}
final void treeify(Node<K,V>[] tab) {
TreeNode<K,V> root = null;
for (TreeNode<K,V> x = this, next; x != null; x = next) {
next = (TreeNode<K,V>)x.next;
x.left = x.right = null;
if (root == null) {
x.parent = null;
x.red = false;
root = x;
}
else {
K k = x.key;
int h = x.hash;
Class<?> kc = null;
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
int dir, ph;
K pk = p.key;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0)
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
x.parent = xp;
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
root = balanceInsertion(root, x);
break;
}
}
}
}
moveRootToFront(tab, root);
}
final Node<K,V> untreeify(HashMap<K,V> map) {
Node<K,V> hd = null, tl = null;
for (Node<K,V> q = this; q != null; q = q.next) {
Node<K,V> p = map.replacementNode(q, null);
if (tl == null)
hd = p;
else
tl.next = p;
tl = p;
}
return hd;
}
/**
* Tree version of putVal.
*/
final TreeNode<K,V> putTreeVal(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
int h, K k, V v) {
Class<?> kc = null;
boolean searched = false;
TreeNode<K,V> root = (parent != null) ? root() : this;
for (TreeNode<K,V> p = root;;) {
int dir, ph; K pk;
if ((ph = p.hash) > h)
dir = -1;
else if (ph < h)
dir = 1;
else if ((pk = p.key) == k || (k != null && k.equals(pk)))
return p;
else if ((kc == null &&
(kc = comparableClassFor(k)) == null) ||
(dir = compareComparables(kc, k, pk)) == 0) {
if (!searched) {
TreeNode<K,V> q, ch;
searched = true;
if (((ch = p.left) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null) ||
((ch = p.right) != null &&
(q = ch.find(h, k, kc)) != null))
return q;
}
dir = tieBreakOrder(k, pk);
}
TreeNode<K,V> xp = p;
if ((p = (dir <= 0) ? p.left : p.right) == null) {
Node<K,V> xpn = xp.next;
TreeNode<K,V> x = map.newTreeNode(h, k, v, xpn);
if (dir <= 0)
xp.left = x;
else
xp.right = x;
xp.next = x;
x.parent = x.prev = xp;
if (xpn != null)
((TreeNode<K,V>)xpn).prev = x;
moveRootToFront(tab, balanceInsertion(root, x));
return null;
}
}
}
final void removeTreeNode(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab,
boolean movable) {
...
}
final void split(HashMap<K,V> map, Node<K,V>[] tab, int index, int bit) {
...
}
/* ------------------------------------------------------------ */
// Red-black tree methods, all adapted from CLR
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> rotateLeft(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> p) {
...
return root;
}
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> rotateRight(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> p) {
...
return root;
}
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> balanceInsertion(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> x) {
...
}
static <K,V> TreeNode<K,V> balanceDeletion(TreeNode<K,V> root,
TreeNode<K,V> x) {
...
}
static <K,V> boolean checkInvariants(TreeNode<K,V> t) {
...
return true;
}
}
见【1.2】代码,在插入数据时,数据结构有什么变化呢?
效果图可见【1】里的第二张图
实验里包括哈希碰撞和链表变红黑树,让我们一步步Debug跟踪源代码探个究竟
int n = 16 - 1; //二进制: 1111
String[] strs = { "A" , "B" , "C" , "D" , "E" , "F" , "G" , "H"};
for (int i = 0; i < strs.length; i++) {
System.out.println("-------------------------");
System.out.println(System.identityHashCode(strs[i]) );
System.out.println("二进制:"+ Integer.toBinaryString(System.identityHashCode(strs[i])) );
System.out.println( System.identityHashCode(strs[i]) & n );
System.out.println("-------------------------");
}
-------------------------
356573597
二进制:10101010000001110000110011101
13
-------------------------
-------------------------
1735600054
二进制:1100111011100110010011110110110
6
-------------------------
-------------------------
21685669
二进制:1010010101110010110100101
5
-------------------------
-------------------------
2133927002
二进制:1111111001100010010010001011010
10
-------------------------
-------------------------
1836019240
二进制:1101101011011110110111000101000
8
-------------------------
-------------------------
325040804
二进制:10011010111111011101010100100
4
-------------------------
-------------------------
1173230247
二进制:1000101111011100001001010100111
7
-------------------------
-------------------------
856419764
二进制:110011000010111110110110110100
4
-------------------------
在【2.1.1】的代码案例中,F、H的哈希值与15进行与位运算后,值都是4,详细解释见【1.5】, 相当于计算在HashMap里的索引位置
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
...
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
...
}
给定2个假设(在HashMap里,默认加载因子0.75,在大于12(16*0.75=12)长度时就会扩容成32,与位运算重新计算值也会变更,重新均衡的分布,详细解释见【1.5】)
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
...
//p的下一个节点为null,表示p就是最后一个节点
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
//创建新的Node节点并插入链表的尾部
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
//当元素>=8-1,链表转为树(红黑树)结构
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
...
}
1、哈希桶不扩容;
2、(F、H…H8 ) & 15 都等于4,总共9个元素,在第7个元素加入时,会触发链表转红黑树,H7、H8插入时,直接走红黑树插入逻辑