基于Springboot跟rabbitmq实现的死信队列

概述

RabbitMQ是流行的开源消息队列系统，使用erlang语言开发。为了保证订单业务的消息数据不丢失，需要使用到RabbitMQ的死信队列机制，当消息消费发生异常时，将消息投入死信队列中。但由于对死信队列的概念及配置不熟悉，导致曾一度陷入百度的汪洋大海，无法自拔，很多文章都看起来可行，但是实际上却并不能帮我解决实际问题。最终，在官网文档中找到了我想要的答案，通过官网文档的学习，才发现对于死信队列存在一些误解，导致配置死信队列之路困难重重。

详细

一、运行效果

二、实现过程

①、先创建一个Springboot项目。然后在pom文件中添加 spring-boot-starter-amqp 和 spring-boot-starter-web的依赖，接下来创建一个Config类，这里是关键：

package com.zyf.rabbitmqdeadletterdemo.config;
 
import org.springframework.amqp.core.*;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
 
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
 
@Configuration
public class RabbitMQConfig {
 
    public static final String BUSINESS_EXCHANGE_NAME = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.business.exchange";
 
    public static final String BUSINESS_QUEUEA_NAME = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.business.queueA";
    public static final String BUSINESS_QUEUEB_NAME = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.business.queueB";
 
    public static final String DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.deadletter.exchange";
 
    public static final String DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEA_ROUTING_KEY = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.deadletter.queueA.routingkey";
    public static final String DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEB_ROUTING_KEY = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.deadletter.queueB.routingkey";
 
    public static final String DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEA_NAME = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.deadletter.queueA";
    public static final String DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEB_NAME = "rabbitmq.dead.letter.deadletter.queueB";
 
    // 声明业务Exchange
    @Bean("businessExchange")
    public FanoutExchange businessExchange(){
        return new FanoutExchange(BUSINESS_EXCHANGE_NAME);
    }
 
    // 声明死信Exchange
    @Bean("deadLetterExchange")
    public DirectExchange deadLetterExchange(){
        return new DirectExchange(DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
    }
 
    // 声明业务队列A
    @Bean("businessQueueA")
    public Queue businessQueueA(){
 
        Map args = new HashMap<>(2);
//       x-dead-letter-exchange    这里声明当前队列绑定的死信交换机
        args.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
//       x-dead-letter-routing-key  这里声明当前队列的死信路由key
        args.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEA_ROUTING_KEY);
        return QueueBuilder.durable(BUSINESS_QUEUEA_NAME).withArguments(args).build();
    }
 
    // 声明业务队列B
    @Bean("businessQueueB")
    public Queue businessQueueB(){
        Map args = new HashMap<>(2);
//       x-dead-letter-exchange    这里声明当前队列绑定的死信交换机
        args.put("x-dead-letter-exchange", DEAD_LETTER_EXCHANGE);
//       x-dead-letter-routing-key  这里声明当前队列的死信路由key
        args.put("x-dead-letter-routing-key", DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEB_ROUTING_KEY);
        return QueueBuilder.durable(BUSINESS_QUEUEB_NAME).withArguments(args).build();
    }
 
    // 声明死信队列A
    @Bean("deadLetterQueueA")
    public Queue deadLetterQueueA(){
        return new Queue(DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEA_NAME);
    }
 
    // 声明死信队列B
    @Bean("deadLetterQueueB")
    public Queue deadLetterQueueB(){
        return new Queue(DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEB_NAME);
    }
 
    // 声明业务队列A绑定关系
    @Bean
    public Binding businessBindingA(@Qualifier("businessQueueA") Queue queue,
                                    @Qualifier("businessExchange") FanoutExchange exchange){
        return BindingBuilder.bind(queue).to(exchange);
    }
 
    // 声明业务队列B绑定关系
    @Bean
    public Binding businessBindingB(@Qualifier("businessQueueB") Queue queue,
                                    @Qualifier("businessExchange") FanoutExchange exchange){
        return BindingBuilder.bind(queue).to(exchange);
    }
 
    // 声明死信队列A绑定关系
    @Bean
    public Binding deadLetterBindingA(@Qualifier("deadLetterQueueA") Queue queue,
                                      @Qualifier("deadLetterExchange") DirectExchange exchange){
        return BindingBuilder.bind(queue).to(exchange).with(DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEA_ROUTING_KEY);
    }
 
    // 声明死信队列B绑定关系
    @Bean
    public Binding deadLetterBindingB(@Qualifier("deadLetterQueueB") Queue queue,
                                      @Qualifier("deadLetterExchange") DirectExchange exchange){
        return BindingBuilder.bind(queue).to(exchange).with(DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEB_ROUTING_KEY);
    }
}

②、接下来，是业务队列的消费代码：

@Slf4j@Componentpublic class BusinessMessageReceiver {    @RabbitListener(queues = BUSINESS_QUEUEA_NAME)
    public void receiveA(Message message, Channel channel) throws IOException {
        String msg = new String(message.getBody());
        log.info("收到业务消息A：{}", msg);        boolean ack = true;
        Exception exception = null;        try {            if (msg.contains("deadletter")){                throw new RuntimeException("dead letter exception");
            }
        } catch (Exception e){
            ack = false;
            exception = e;
        }        if (!ack){
            log.error("消息消费发生异常，error msg:{}", exception.getMessage(), exception);
            channel.basicNack(message.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false, false);
        } else {
            channel.basicAck(message.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false);
        }
    }    @RabbitListener(queues = BUSINESS_QUEUEB_NAME)
    public void receiveB(Message message, Channel channel) throws IOException {
        System.out.println("收到业务消息B：" + new String(message.getBody()));
        channel.basicAck(message.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false);
    }
}

③、然后配置死信队列的消费者：

@Componentpublic class DeadLetterMessageReceiver {    @RabbitListener(queues = DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEA_NAME)
    public void receiveA(Message message, Channel channel) throws IOException {
        System.out.println("收到死信消息A：" + new String(message.getBody()));
        channel.basicAck(message.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false);
    }    @RabbitListener(queues = DEAD_LETTER_QUEUEB_NAME)
    public void receiveB(Message message, Channel channel) throws IOException {
        System.out.println("收到死信消息B：" + new String(message.getBody()));
        channel.basicAck(message.getMessageProperties().getDeliveryTag(), false);
    }
}

④、为了方便测试，写一个简单的消息生产者，并通过controller层来生产消息。

@Componentpublic class BusinessMessageSender {    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;    public void sendMsg(String msg){
        rabbitTemplate.convertSendAndReceive(BUSINESS_EXCHANGE_NAME, "", msg);
    }
}

@RequestMapping("rabbitmq")@RestControllerpublic class RabbitMQMsgController {    @Autowired
    private BusinessMessageSender sender;    @RequestMapping("sendmsg")
    public void sendMsg(String msg){
        sender.sendMsg(msg);
    }
}

三、项目结构图

四、补充总结

死信队列其实并没有什么神秘的地方，不过是绑定在死信交换机上的普通队列，而死信交换机也只是一个普通的交换机，不过是用来专门处理死信的交换机。

总结一下死信消息的生命周期：

1. 业务消息被投入业务队列

2. 消费者消费业务队列的消息，由于处理过程中发生异常，于是进行了nck或者reject操作

3. 被nck或reject的消息由RabbitMQ投递到死信交换机中

4. 死信交换机将消息投入相应的死信队列

5. 死信队列的消费者消费死信消息

死信消息是RabbitMQ为我们做的一层保证，其实我们也可以不使用死信队列，而是在消息消费异常时，将消息主动投递到另一个交换机中，当你明白了这些之后，这些Exchange和Queue想怎样配合就能怎么配合。比如从死信队列拉取消息，然后发送邮件、短信、钉钉通知来通知开发人员关注。或者将消息重新投递到一个队列然后设置过期时间，来进行延时消费。