SQLZoo网站是一个SQL在线交互课程,适合初学者入门。
优点:
- 学习梯度平稳,带着实例,从最基础的一小块知识点开始
- 交互实时反应。能够模拟「键入输入命令」-「获得输出结果」的实战情景,同时无需另新手沮丧的繁琐的环境配置安装。
- 符号「必要难度」理论。比如,第一部分给出示例代码,到下一部分,便让学生复现一样的代码。这样,学习者在「进阶区」,而非「恐慌区」和「舒适区」。
传送门:https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/SQL_Tutorial
SELECT
基础
介绍 World
表格(数据包含:各国的名称、人口、面积以及GDP)
-
WHERE
子句——条件匹配
示例
SELECT population FROM world
WHERE name = 'France'
答案:查询name为'Germany'数据行的population
SELECT population FROM world
WHERE name = 'Germany'
注: 字符串用单引号
2.IN
子句——项目是否在列表中
示例
SELECT name, population FROM world
WHERE name IN ('Brazil', 'Russia', 'India', 'China');
答案:查询name为'Sweden', 'Norway', 'Denmark'数据行的population
SELECT name, population FROM world
WHERE name IN ('Sweden', 'Norway', 'Denmark');
3.BETWEEN
子句——按照值的范围边界来筛选数据
示例
SELECT name, area FROM world
WHERE area BETWEEN 250000 AND 300000
答案:查询area的数值介于'200,000——250,000'数据行的name, area
SELECT name, area FROM world
WHERE area BETWEEN 200000 AND 250000
SELECT
小测验
传送门:https://sqlzoo.net/wiki/SELECT_Quiz
SELECT name, continent, population FROM world
SELECT name, continent, population FROM world
SELECT name FROM world
WHERE population = 64105700
SELECT name FROM world
WHERE population > 200000000
SELECT name, GDP/population FROM world
WHERE population >= 200000000
SELECT name, population/1000000 FROM world
WHERE continent='South America'
SELECT name FROM world
WHERE name LIKE '%United%';
Ref:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14290857/sql-select-where-field-contains-words
SELECT name, population, area FROM world
WHERE area > 3000000
OR population >250000000
SELECT name, population, area FROM world
WHERE (area > 3000000 AND population < 250000000)
OR (area < 3000000 AND population>250000000)
Ref:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41034292/xor-in-sql-server
SELECT name, ROUND(population/1000000,2),ROUND(GDP/1000000000,2)
AS ROUNDValue
FROM world
WHERE continent='South America'
Ref:
https://www.w3schools.com/sql/func_sqlserver_round.asp
https://www.quora.com/Is-it-possible-to-round-up-a-figure-to-the-nearest-1000-in-SQL-Server
SELECT name, capital, LENGTH(name),LENGTH(capital)
FROM world
WHERE LENGTH(name)=LENGTH(capital)
SELECT name, capital
FROM world
WHERE LENGTH(name)=LENGTH(capital);
SELECT name, capital
FROM world
WHERE LEFT(name,1)=LEFT(capital,1)
AND name<>capital;
SELECT name
FROM world
WHERE name LIKE '%a%'
AND name LIKE '%e%'
AND name LIKE '%i%'
AND name LIKE '%o%'
AND name LIKE '%u%'
AND name NOT LIKE '% %'
wildcard 通配符
SELECT name
FROM world
WHERE name LIKE '%a%'
OR name LIKE '%e%'
OR name LIKE '%i%'
OR name LIKE '%o%'
OR name LIKE '%u%'
AND name NOT LIKE '% %'
--------------------分隔线-------------------------------
SELECT
基础2
介绍 Nobel
表格(诺贝尔奖得主的数据表格,数据包含:获奖者姓名、获奖年份、专业领域)
nobel(yr, subject, winner)
-
WHERE
子句——条件匹配
示例
SELECT yr, subject, winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1960
答案:查询 1950年诺贝尔奖的数据
SELECT yr, subject, winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1950
-
WHERE
子句——条件匹配
示例
SELECT winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1960
AND subject = 'Physics'
答案:查询谁在 1962 年获得了诺贝尔文学奖
SELECT winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1962
AND subject = 'Literature';
- 爱因斯坦
示例:无
答案:查询爱因斯坦获得的诺贝尔奖的年份和专业
SELECT yr, subject
FROM nobel
WHERE winner='Albert Einstein'
- 近年的诺贝尔和平奖
示例:无
答案:查询从 2000 年(包括千禧年)以来所有的诺贝尔和平奖得主
SELECT winner
FROM nobel
WHERE yr>=2000
AND subject='Peace';
- 20世纪 80 年代的诺贝尔文学奖
示例:无
答案:查询从 2000 年(包括千禧年)以来所有的诺贝尔和平奖得主
SELECT yr, subject, winner
FROM nobel
WHERE subject='Literature'
AND yr BETWEEN 1980 AND 1989;
- 哪些诺贝尔奖得主是总统?
示例:
SELECT * FROM nobel
WHERE yr = 1970
AND subject IN ('Cookery',
'Chemistry',
'Literature')
答案:
查询以下总统的获奖细节
- Theodore Roosevelt
- Woodrow Wilson
- Jimmy Carter
- Barack Obama
SELECT * FROM nobel
WHERE winner IN ('Theodore Roosevelt',
'Woodrow Wilson',
'Jimmy Carter','Barack Obama')
- 名字叫约翰 John 的诺贝尔奖得主
示例:无
答案:名字叫约翰 John 的诺贝尔奖得主
SELECT winner
FROM nobel
WHERE winner LIKE 'John%'
- 物理与化学诺贝尔奖
示例:无
答案:查询1984 年的诺贝尔化学奖得主及 1980 年的诺贝尔物理学将得主
SELECT *
FROM nobel
WHERE (subject='Physics' AND yr=1980)
OR (subject='Chemistry' AND yr=1984);
- 排除化学家和医学家
示例:无
答案:查询1980年的诺贝尔奖得主,排除化学和医学领域的得主。
SELECT *
FROM nobel
WHERE yr=1980
AND NOT subject='Medicine'
AND NOT subject='Chemistry';
- 早期的诺贝尔医学奖及近期的诺贝尔文学奖
示例:无
答案:查询1910年之前(不包括1910)的诺贝尔医学奖数据,以及2004年之后(包括2004)的诺贝尔文学奖数据。
SELECT *
FROM nobel
WHERE (yr<1910 AND subject='Medicine')
OR (yr>=2004 AND subject='Literature');
更难的题目
- 查询 PETER GRÜNBERG的获奖细节
Non-ASCII characters
—— 获奖得主的名字有一个特殊字符——Ü
参考如何输入非ASCII字符
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C#Keyboarding
Ü的macOS的键盘输入组合:箭头向上+Shift+U
答案:
SELECT *
FROM nobel
WHERE winner='PETER GRÜNBERG';
- Apostrophe 引号
查询EUGENE O'NEILL的获奖细节
「字符串中含有单引号」的处理方法
答案:
SELECT *
FROM nobel
WHERE winner='EUGENE O''NEILL'
注意:在字符串「O'」之后添加一个「'」单引号
- 国王的骑士们
查询所有以「Sir.」开头的诺贝尔奖得主,获奖时间近的得主排在前列,若获奖年份相同,安装名字的的字母顺序排序。
答案:
SELECT winner, yr, subject
FROM nobel
WHERE winner LIKE 'Sir%'
ORDER BY yr DESC, winner ASC;
注意:ORDER BY
语法
- 化学家&物理学家列在最后
查询1984年的诺贝尔奖得主,按照专业(学科)及获奖者名称来排列,但是专业是化学和物理的,要排列在最后。
答案:
SELECT winner, subject
FROM nobel
WHERE yr=1984
ORDER BY subject IN ('Physics','Chemistry'),subject,winner;