Java/ExecutorService中多线程服务ExecuteService的使用

什么是ExecutorService

ExecutorService 是 Java 中的一个接口，它扩展了 Executor 接口，并提供了更多的方法来处理多线程任务。它是 Java 中用于执行多线程任务的框架之一，可以创建一个线程池，将多个任务提交到线程池中执行。ExecutorService 接口提供了许多方法，如 shutdown()、shutdownNow()、submit()、execute()、invokeAll() 等，可以更方便地提交任务、执行任务、关闭线程池等操作。同时，ExecutorService 还提供了线程池的管理和监控功能，可以更好地控制和管理线程池中的线程。在实际应用中，ExecutorService 通常与 Callable 和 Future 接口一起使用，可以实现更加灵活和高效的多线程编程。

by zhengkai.blog.csdn.net

ExecutorService基本原理

ExecutorService 的实现原理主要是基于线程池的概念。当我们创建一个 ExecutorService 对象时，实际上就是创建了一个线程池。线程池中包含了若干个线程，这些线程可以执行我们提交的任务。当线程池中的线程空闲时，它们会等待任务的到来，一旦有任务提交，就会从线程池中选择一个空闲的线程执行该任务。如果线程池中的线程都在执行任务，那么新的任务就会被暂时放在任务队列中，等待线程空闲时再来执行。

在 ExecutorService 的实现中，任务的提交和执行是异步的，也就是说，我们提交任务时不会阻塞当前线程，而是将任务交给线程池中的线程去执行。当任务执行完成后，线程会将执行结果返回给我们。同时，我们可以通过调用 ExecutorService 的方法来管理和控制线程池，如增加或减少线程数量、关闭线程池等。总之，ExecutorService 的实现原理是基于线程池的概念，通过管理和调度线程，提高程序的效率和性能，同时避免线程阻塞和死锁等问题，从而更好地管理和调度线程，提高应用程序的并发处理能力。

附加：线程池中的五种状态

线程池中有五种状态，分别是 RUNNING、STOP、SHUTDOWN、TIDYING 和 TERMINATED。它们的含义和区别如下：

• RUNNING：表示线程池处于运行状态，接受新的任务并且处理任务队列中的任务，直到线程池被显式地关闭。
• SHUTDOWN：表示线程池处于关闭状态，不再接受新的任务，但是会尝试执行任务队列中的任务，直到任务队列为空。在任务队列为空后，线程池会进入 TIDYING 状态。
• STOP：表示线程池处于停止状态，不再接受新的任务，也不会继续执行任务队列中的任务。此时，线程池会尝试中断正在执行的任务，并立即返回任务队列中的所有任务。在任务队列为空后，线程池会进入 TIDYING 状态。
• TIDYING：表示线程池正在进行线程回收的操作，此时线程池中的所有任务都已经执行完成，而线程池中的线程也已经被销毁。在线程回收完成后，线程池会进入 TERMINATED 状态。
• TERMINATED：表示线程池已经完全终止，不再接受任何任务，也不会执行任何任务。此时，线程池中的所有线程都已经被销毁，线程池对象也可以被垃圾回收。

总之，这五种状态代表了 ThreadPoolExecutor 在不同时间点的不同状态，分别表示线程池的运行状态、关闭状态、停止状态、回收状态和终止状态。它们的区别在于线程池在不同状态下的行为和状态转换。

ExecuteService提供了什么方法

使用ExecuteService代表Executors创建线程池

• submit提交的是Callable方法，返回Future，说明submit是有返回值的
• execute执行的是Runnable方法，没有返回值

所以submit和execute的区别是提交的方法和是否有返回值，取决于你的业务需求。

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 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
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 * accompanied this code).
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 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
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/*
 * This file is available under and governed by the GNU General Public
 * License version 2 only, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 * However, the following notice accompanied the original version of this
 * file:
 *
 * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
 * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
 * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
 */

package java.util.concurrent;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * An {@link Executor} that provides methods to manage termination and
 * methods that can produce a {@link Future} for tracking progress of
 * one or more asynchronous tasks.
 *
 * 
An {@code ExecutorService} can be shut down, which will cause
 * it to reject new tasks.  Two different methods are provided for
 * shutting down an {@code ExecutorService}. The {@link #shutdown}
 * method will allow previously submitted tasks to execute before
 * terminating, while the {@link #shutdownNow} method prevents waiting
 * tasks from starting and attempts to stop currently executing tasks.
 * Upon termination, an executor has no tasks actively executing, no
 * tasks awaiting execution, and no new tasks can be submitted.  An
 * unused {@code ExecutorService} should be shut down to allow
 * reclamation of its resources.
 *
 * 
Method {@code submit} extends base method {@link
 * Executor#execute(Runnable)} by creating and returning a {@link Future}
 * that can be used to cancel execution and/or wait for completion.
 * Methods {@code invokeAny} and {@code invokeAll} perform the most
 * commonly useful forms of bulk execution, executing a collection of
 * tasks and then waiting for at least one, or all, to
 * complete. (Class {@link ExecutorCompletionService} can be used to
 * write customized variants of these methods.)
 *
 * 
The {@link Executors} class provides factory methods for the
 * executor services provided in this package.
 *
 * 
Usage Examples
 *
 * Here is a sketch of a network service in which threads in a thread
 * pool service incoming requests. It uses the preconfigured {@link
 * Executors#newFixedThreadPool} factory method:
 *
 * 
 {@code
 * class NetworkService implements Runnable {
 *   private final ServerSocket serverSocket;
 *   private final ExecutorService pool;
 *
 *   public NetworkService(int port, int poolSize)
 *       throws IOException {
 *     serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
 *     pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(poolSize);
 *   }
 *
 *   public void run() { // run the service
 *     try {
 *       for (;;) {
 *         pool.execute(new Handler(serverSocket.accept()));
 *       }
 *     } catch (IOException ex) {
 *       pool.shutdown();
 *     }
 *   }
 * }
 *
 * class Handler implements Runnable {
 *   private final Socket socket;
 *   Handler(Socket socket) { this.socket = socket; }
 *   public void run() {
 *     // read and service request on socket
 *   }
 * }}
 *
 * The following method shuts down an {@code ExecutorService} in two phases,
 * first by calling {@code shutdown} to reject incoming tasks, and then
 * calling {@code shutdownNow}, if necessary, to cancel any lingering tasks:
 *
 * 
 {@code
 * void shutdownAndAwaitTermination(ExecutorService pool) {
 *   pool.shutdown(); // Disable new tasks from being submitted
 *   try {
 *     // Wait a while for existing tasks to terminate
 *     if (!pool.awaitTermination(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
 *       pool.shutdownNow(); // Cancel currently executing tasks
 *       // Wait a while for tasks to respond to being cancelled
 *       if (!pool.awaitTermination(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS))
 *           System.err.println("Pool did not terminate");
 *     }
 *   } catch (InterruptedException ex) {
 *     // (Re-)Cancel if current thread also interrupted
 *     pool.shutdownNow();
 *     // Preserve interrupt status
 *     Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
 *   }
 * }}
 *
 * 
Memory consistency effects: Actions in a thread prior to the
 * submission of a {@code Runnable} or {@code Callable} task to an
 * {@code ExecutorService}
 * happen-before
 * any actions taken by that task, which in turn happen-before the
 * result is retrieved via {@code Future.get()}.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 * @author Doug Lea
 */
public interface ExecutorService extends Executor {

    /**
     * Initiates an orderly shutdown in which previously submitted
     * tasks are executed, but no new tasks will be accepted.
     * Invocation has no additional effect if already shut down.
     *
     * 
This method does not wait for previously submitted tasks to
     * complete execution.  Use {@link #awaitTermination awaitTermination}
     * to do that.
     *
     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
     *         shutting down this ExecutorService may manipulate
     *         threads that the caller is not permitted to modify
     *         because it does not hold {@link
     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")},
     *         or the security manager's {@code checkAccess} method
     *         denies access.
     */
    void shutdown();

    /**
     * Attempts to stop all actively executing tasks, halts the
     * processing of waiting tasks, and returns a list of the tasks
     * that were awaiting execution.
     *
     * 
This method does not wait for actively executing tasks to
     * terminate.  Use {@link #awaitTermination awaitTermination} to
     * do that.
     *
     * 
There are no guarantees beyond best-effort attempts to stop
     * processing actively executing tasks.  For example, typical
     * implementations will cancel via {@link Thread#interrupt}, so any
     * task that fails to respond to interrupts may never terminate.
     *
     * @return list of tasks that never commenced execution
     * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
     *         shutting down this ExecutorService may manipulate
     *         threads that the caller is not permitted to modify
     *         because it does not hold {@link
     *         java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")},
     *         or the security manager's {@code checkAccess} method
     *         denies access.
     */
    List shutdownNow();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if this executor has been shut down.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this executor has been shut down
     */
    boolean isShutdown();

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down.
     * Note that {@code isTerminated} is never {@code true} unless
     * either {@code shutdown} or {@code shutdownNow} was called first.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if all tasks have completed following shut down
     */
    boolean isTerminated();

    /**
     * Blocks until all tasks have completed execution after a shutdown
     * request, or the timeout occurs, or the current thread is
     * interrupted, whichever happens first.
     *
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @return {@code true} if this executor terminated and
     *         {@code false} if the timeout elapsed before termination
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     */
    boolean awaitTermination(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Submits a value-returning task for execution and returns a
     * Future representing the pending results of the task. The
     * Future's {@code get} method will return the task's result upon
     * successful completion.
     *
     * 

     * If you would like to immediately block waiting
     * for a task, you can use constructions of the form
     * {@code result = exec.submit(aCallable).get();}
     *
     * 
Note: The {@link Executors} class includes a set of methods
     * that can convert some other common closure-like objects,
     * for example, {@link java.security.PrivilegedAction} to
     * {@link Callable} form so they can be submitted.
     *
     * @param task the task to submit
     * @param  the type of the task's result
     * @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
     *         scheduled for execution
     * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
     */
     Future submit(Callable task);

    /**
     * Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future
     * representing that task. The Future's {@code get} method will
     * return the given result upon successful completion.
     *
     * @param task the task to submit
     * @param result the result to return
     * @param  the type of the result
     * @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
     *         scheduled for execution
     * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
     */
     Future submit(Runnable task, T result);

    /**
     * Submits a Runnable task for execution and returns a Future
     * representing that task. The Future's {@code get} method will
     * return {@code null} upon successful completion.
     *
     * @param task the task to submit
     * @return a Future representing pending completion of the task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if the task cannot be
     *         scheduled for execution
     * @throws NullPointerException if the task is null
     */
    Future submit(Runnable task);

    /**
     * Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding
     * their status and results when all complete.
     * {@link Future#isDone} is {@code true} for each
     * element of the returned list.
     * Note that a completed task could have
     * terminated either normally or by throwing an exception.
     * The results of this method are undefined if the given
     * collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param tasks the collection of tasks
     * @param  the type of the values returned from the tasks
     * @return a list of Futures representing the tasks, in the same
     *         sequential order as produced by the iterator for the
     *         given task list, each of which has completed
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting, in
     *         which case unfinished tasks are cancelled
     * @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any of its elements are {@code null}
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if any task cannot be
     *         scheduled for execution
     */
     List> invokeAll(Collection> tasks)
        throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Executes the given tasks, returning a list of Futures holding
     * their status and results
     * when all complete or the timeout expires, whichever happens first.
     * {@link Future#isDone} is {@code true} for each
     * element of the returned list.
     * Upon return, tasks that have not completed are cancelled.
     * Note that a completed task could have
     * terminated either normally or by throwing an exception.
     * The results of this method are undefined if the given
     * collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param tasks the collection of tasks
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @param  the type of the values returned from the tasks
     * @return a list of Futures representing the tasks, in the same
     *         sequential order as produced by the iterator for the
     *         given task list. If the operation did not time out,
     *         each task will have completed. If it did time out, some
     *         of these tasks will not have completed.
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting, in
     *         which case unfinished tasks are cancelled
     * @throws NullPointerException if tasks, any of its elements, or
     *         unit are {@code null}
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if any task cannot be scheduled
     *         for execution
     */
     List> invokeAll(Collection> tasks,
                                  long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Executes the given tasks, returning the result
     * of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing
     * an exception), if any do. Upon normal or exceptional return,
     * tasks that have not completed are cancelled.
     * The results of this method are undefined if the given
     * collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param tasks the collection of tasks
     * @param  the type of the values returned from the tasks
     * @return the result returned by one of the tasks
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     * @throws NullPointerException if tasks or any element task
     *         subject to execution is {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if tasks is empty
     * @throws ExecutionException if no task successfully completes
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if tasks cannot be scheduled
     *         for execution
     */
     T invokeAny(Collection> tasks)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;

    /**
     * Executes the given tasks, returning the result
     * of one that has completed successfully (i.e., without throwing
     * an exception), if any do before the given timeout elapses.
     * Upon normal or exceptional return, tasks that have not
     * completed are cancelled.
     * The results of this method are undefined if the given
     * collection is modified while this operation is in progress.
     *
     * @param tasks the collection of tasks
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
     * @param  the type of the values returned from the tasks
     * @return the result returned by one of the tasks
     * @throws InterruptedException if interrupted while waiting
     * @throws NullPointerException if tasks, or unit, or any element
     *         task subject to execution is {@code null}
     * @throws TimeoutException if the given timeout elapses before
     *         any task successfully completes
     * @throws ExecutionException if no task successfully completes
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if tasks cannot be scheduled
     *         for execution
     */
     T invokeAny(Collection> tasks,
                    long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

new ExecutorService的创建

创建一个什么样的ExecutorService的实例（即线程池）需要g根据具体应用场景而定，不过Java给我们提供了一个Executors工厂类，它可以帮助我们很方便的创建各种类型ExecutorService线程池，Executors一共可以创建下面这四类线程池：

• newCachedThreadPool 创建一个可缓存线程池，如果线程池长度超过处理需要，可灵活回收空闲线程，若无可回收，则新建线程。
• newFixedThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池，可控制线程最大并发数，超出的线程会在队列中等待。
• newScheduledThreadPool 创建一个定长线程池，支持定时及周期性任务执行。
• newSingleThreadExecutor 创建一个单线程化的线程池，它只会用唯一的工作线程来执行任务，保证所有任务按照指定顺序(FIFO, LIFO, 优先级)执行。

注意：Executors只是一个工厂类，它所有的方法返回的都是ThreadPoolExecutor、ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor这两个类的实例。

execute(Runnable)

这个方法接收一个Runnable实例，并且异步的执行，缺点就是只负责执行不负责返回：

ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

executorService.execute(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
    System.out.println("Asynchronous task");
}
});

executorService.shutdown();

submit(Runnable)

submit(Runnable)和execute(Runnable)区别是前者可以返回一个Future对象，通过返回的Future对象，我们可以检查提交的任务是否执行完毕，请看下面执行的例子：

Future future = executorService.submit(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
    System.out.println("Asynchronous task");
}
});

future.get();
//如果返回了空，则代表没有任务正在执行中，任务已经运行完毕

如果任务执行完成，future.get()方法会返回一个null。注意，future.get()方法会产生阻塞。
 

submit(Callable)

submit(Callable)和submit(Runnable)类似，也会返回一个Future对象，但是除此之外，submit(Callable)接收的是一个Callable的实现，Callable接口中的call()方法有一个返回值，可以返回任务的执行结果，而Runnable接口中的run()方法是void的，没有返回值。请看下面实例：
 

Future future = executorService.submit(new Callable(){
public Object call() throws Exception {
    System.out.println("Asynchronous Callable");
    return "Callable Result";
}
});

System.out.println("future.get() = " + future.get());

如果任务执行完成，future.get()方法会返回Callable任务的执行结果。注意，future.get()方法会产生阻塞。

invokeAny(Collection> tasks)

invokeAny(Collection> tasks)方法接收的是一个Callable的集合，执行这个方法不会返回Future，但是会返回所有Callable任务中其中一个任务的执行结果。这个方法也无法保证返回的是哪个任务的执行结果，反正是其中的某一个。

以下代码每次执行都会返回一个结果，并且返回的结果是变化的，可能会返回“Task2”也可是“Task1”或者“Task3”。

ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

Set> callables = new HashSet>();

callables.add(new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
    return "Task 1";
}
});
callables.add(new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
    return "Task 2";
}
});
callables.add(new Callable() {
    public String call() throws Exception {
    return "Task 3";
}
});

String result = executorService.invokeAny(callables);
System.out.println("result = " + result);
executorService.shutdown();

invokeAll(Collection> tasks)

invokeAll(...)与 invokeAny(...)类似也是接收一个Callable集合，但是前者执行之后会返回一个Future的List，其中对应着每个Callable任务执行后的Future对象。r

ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

Set> callables = new HashSet>();

callables.add(new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
    return "Task 1";
}
});
callables.add(new Callable() {
    public String call() throws Exception {
    return "Task 2";
}
});
callables.add(new Callable() {
public String call() throws Exception {
    return "Task 3";
}
});

List> futures = executorService.invokeAll(callables);

for(Future future : futures){
System.out.println("future.get = " + future.get());
}

executorService.shutdown();

优雅的关闭ExecutorService

如果的应用程序是通过main()方法启动的，在这个main()退出之后，如果应用程序中的ExecutorService没有关闭，这个应用将一直运行。之所以会出现这种情况，是因为ExecutorService中运行的线程会阻止JVM关闭。

如果要关闭ExecutorService中执行的线程，我们可以调用ExecutorService.shutdown()方法。在调用shutdown()方法之后，ExecutorService不会立即关闭，但是它不再接收新的任务，直到当前所有线程执行完成才会关闭，所有在shutdown()执行之前提交的任务都会被执行。

如果我们想立即关闭ExecutorService，我们可以调用ExecutorService.shutdownNow()方法。这个动作将跳过所有正在执行的任务和被提交还没有执行的任务。但是它并不对正在执行的任务做任何保证，有可能它们都会停止，也有可能执行完成。

优雅一点就是

//使用这种方式，ExecutorService 首先停止执行新任务，等待指定的时间段完成所有任务。如果该时间到期，则立即停止执行。

executorService.shutdown();
try {
    if (!executorService.awaitTermination(800, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
        executorService.shutdownNow();
    } 
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    executorService.shutdownNow();
}

 

SpringBoot中注入ExecutorService

import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.scheduling.annotation.EnableAsync;
import org.springframework.scheduling.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor;

import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;

/**
 * 多线程池配置
 */
@Slf4j
@EnableAsync
@Configuration
public class ThreadExecutorConfig {

    /**
     * SpringBoot会优先使用名称为"taskExecutor"的线程池。
     * 如果没有找到，才会使用其他类型为TaskExecutor或其子类的线程池。
     *
     * @return
     */
    @Bean
    public Executor taskExecutor() {
        log.info("start taskExecutor");

        int size = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
        //return new ThreadPoolExecutor(size, size, 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<>());

        ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new VisiableThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
        // 配置核心线程数
        executor.setCorePoolSize(2);
        // 设置最大线程数
        executor.setMaxPoolSize(8);
        // 设置队列容量
        executor.setQueueCapacity(20);
        // 设置线程活跃时间（秒）
        executor.setKeepAliveSeconds(0);
        // 配置线程池中的线程的名称前缀
        executor.setThreadNamePrefix("executor-");

        // 设置拒绝策略
        // rejection-policy：当pool已经达到max size的时候，如何处理新任务
        // CALLER_RUNS：不在新线程中执行任务，而是有调用者所在的线程来执行
        executor.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());
        // 等待所有任务结束后再关闭线程池
        executor.setWaitForTasksToCompleteOnShutdown(true);
        // 执行初始化
        executor.initialize();

        return executor;
    }

    //Bean销毁时会执行线程池销毁方法
    @Bean(destroyMethod = "shutdown")
    public ExecutorService executorService() {
        return Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
    }

}

@AutoWired
private ExecutorService executorService;

使用Callable+FutureTask

public class Test {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //第一种方式
        ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        Task task = new Task();
        FutureTask futureTask = new FutureTask(task);
        executor.submit(futureTask);
        executor.shutdown();
         
        //第二种方式，注意这种方式和第一种方式效果是类似的，只不过一个使用的是ExecutorService，一个使用的是Thread
        /*Task task = new Task();
        FutureTask futureTask = new FutureTask(task);
        Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask);
        thread.start();*/
         
        try {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
        } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
            e1.printStackTrace();
        }
         
        System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");
         
        try {
            System.out.println("task运行结果"+futureTask.get());
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
         
        System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
    }
}
class Task implements Callable{
    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        int sum = 0;
        for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
            sum += i;
        return sum;
    }
}

Future 接口

submit() 方法和 invokeAll() 方法返回一个 Future 接口的对象或 Future 类型的对象集合。这些 Future 接口的对象允许我们获取任务执行的结果或检查任务的状态 ( 是正在运行还是执行完毕 ）。

Future 接口 get() 方法

Future 接口提供了一个特殊的阻塞方法 get()，它返回 Callable 任务执行的实际结果，但如果是 Runnable 任务，则只会返回 null。

因为 get() 方法是阻塞的。如果调用 get() 方法时任务仍在运行，那么调用将会一直被执阻塞，直到任务正确执行完毕并且结果可用时才返回。

而且更重要的是，正在被执行的任务随时都可能抛出异常或中断执行。因此我们要将 get() 调用放在 try catch 语句块中，并捕捉 InterruptedException 或 ExecutionException 异常。

Future future = executorService.submit(callableTask);
String result = null;
try {
    result = future.get();
} catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

因为 get() 方法是阻塞的，而且并不知道要阻塞多长时间。因此可能导致应用程序的性能降低。如果结果数据并不重要，那么我们可以使用超时机制来避免长时间阻塞。

String result = future.get(200, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);

这个 get() 的重载，第一个参数为超时的时间，第二个参数为时间的单位。上面的实例所表示就的就是等待 200 毫秒。

注意，这个 get() 重载方法，如果在超时时间内正常结束，那么返回的是 Future 类型的结果，如果超时了还没结束，那么将抛出 TimeoutException 异常。

除了 get() 方法之外，Future 还提供了其它很多方法，我们将几个重要的方法罗列在此

方法	说明
isDone()	检查已分配的任务是否已处理
cancel()	取消任务执行
isCancelled()	检查任务是否已取消

这些方法的使用方式如下

boolean isDone      = future.isDone();
boolean canceled    = future.cancel(true);
boolean isCancelled = future.isCancelled();