功能基础篇5——Python时间魔法,GMT、UTC,timezone,time,datetime,dateutil

时间

相关概念

UT

Universal Time,UT,世界时,包含UT0UT1UT2等。

GMT

Greenwich Mean Time,GMT,格林尼治平时,即UT0,英国伦敦皇家格林尼治天文台(指旧址,本初子午线所在地)当地的平太阳时。前世界标准时。

注:Greenwich曾译为格林威治,今多用格林尼治。

UTC

Coordinated Universal Time(英语),Temps Universel Coordonné(法语),(英法battle后)简称UTC,协调世界时,对标UT1但不等同,UTC基于国际原子时,通过不规则的加入闰秒来抵消地球自转变慢的影响,闰秒在必要的时候会被插入到UTC中,以保证协调世界时与世界时UT1相差不超过0.9秒。现世界标准时。

DST

Daylight Saving Time,DST,夏令时,日光节约时间,一般在天亮早的夏季人为将时间调快一小时,整体调整社会作息时间,可以使人早睡早起,减少照明量,以充分利用光照资源,从而节约照明用电。(在不实行或取消实行夏令时的地区,有的工厂或学校会调整上下班或上下学时间以达到夏令时效果)

Time Zone

Time Zone,时区

理论时区

理论时区以被15整除的经线为中心,向东西两侧延伸7.5度,即每15°划分一个时区,共24个时区,本初子午线所在时区为中时区,东十二区和西十二区为同一个时区。理论时区的时间采用其中央经线(或标准经线)的地方时,每差一个时区,区时相差一个小时,为避免东西十二区同一地方日期却相差一天的矛盾,提出国际日期线的概念,国际日期线东侧比西侧迟整整24小时。

法定时区

法定时区以国界线或行政区分界线划分实际时区,即法定时区。

中国理论时区有东五区、东六区、东七区、东八区、东九区,法定时区为东八区。

注:按国际日期线划分,基里巴斯共和国会被划分到国际日期线两边,两地计时将相差一天而造成不便。基里巴斯共和国将菲尼克斯群岛与莱恩群岛的法定时区分别订为UTC+13与UTC+14,令其与位于UTC+12时区的吉尔伯特群岛同属一天。

datetime

Python标准库

# datetime模块中类继承关系
object
    timedelta
    tzinfo
        timezone
    time
    date
        datetime

tzinfo

时区抽象基类

timezone

时区,直接继承tzinfo

class datetime.timezone(offset, name=None)

import datetime

print(datetime.timezone.utc)  # UTC
print(datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(0)))  # UTC

timedelta

时间间隔

class datetime.timedelta(days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0, milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0)

import datetime

print(datetime.timedelta(microseconds=-1))  # -1 day, 23:59:59.999999

time

class datetime.time(hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)

import datetime

print(datetime.time(4, 23, 1, 384))  # 04:23:01.000384
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('04:23:01'))  # 04:23:01
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('T04:23:01'))  # 04:23:01
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('T042301'))  # 04:23:01
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('04:23:01.000384'))  # 04:23:01.000384
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('04:23:01,000'))  # 04:23:01
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('04:23:01+08:00'))  # 04:23:01+08:00
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('04:23:01Z'))  # 04:23:01+00:00
print(datetime.time.fromisoformat('04:23:01+00:00'))  # 04:23:01+00:00

# ISO 8601 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
# https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/datetime.html#datetime.time.fromisoformat

date

class datetime.date(year, month, day)

import datetime

print(datetime.date(2023, 9, 17))  # 2023-09-17
print(datetime.date.fromisoformat('2023-09-17'))  # 2023-09-17

datetime

datetime直接继承date

class datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0)

from datetime import datetime, date, time, timezone

print(datetime.combine(date(2005, 7, 14), time(12, 30)))  # 2005-07-14 12:30:00
print(datetime.now(timezone.utc))  # 2023-09-17 09:52:04.690051+00:00
print(datetime.now().tzinfo)  # None

注:一些datetime类方法会默认将naive datetime object作为本地时区时间,注意Aware Object Naive Object转换。

时间格式化

time、date、datetime支持strftime(format),datetime支持strptime(date_string, format)

https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-format-codes

time

Python标准库,time模块中函数主要基于所在平台C语言库,同一函数在不同平台可能有不同执行结果。

import time

# 时间戳
print(time.time())  # 1694948259.8878381

# 纳秒
print(time.time_ns())  # 1694948259887838100

# 格式化时间
print(time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%H:%S"))  # 2023-09-17 18:18:39

# 结构化时间
print(time.struct_time.tm_min)  # 

print(
    time.localtime())  # time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=17, tm_hour=18, tm_min=57, tm_sec=39, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=260, tm_isdst=0)
print(
    time.gmtime())  # time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=9, tm_mday=17, tm_hour=10, tm_min=57, tm_sec=39, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=260, tm_isdst=0)
print(time.sleep(1))  # None 线程睡眠

print(time.strptime('2000-12.31',
                    '%Y-%m.%d'))  # time.struct_time(tm_year=2000, tm_mon=12, tm_mday=31, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=6, tm_yday=366, tm_isdst=-1)

print(time.asctime())  # Sun Sep 17 19:00:07 2023
print(time.ctime())  # Sun Sep 17 19:00:07 2023

dateutil

三方库

https://dateutil.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

pip install python-dateutil
from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta, MO
import datetime

t = datetime.datetime.now()
print(t)                                             # 2023-09-17 19:49:52.051939  

# 相对参数
print(t - relativedelta(years=1))                    # 2022-09-17 19:49:52.051939  
print(t - relativedelta(months=1))                   # 2023-08-17 19:49:52.051939  
print(t - relativedelta(days=1))                     # 2023-09-16 19:49:52.051939  
print(t - relativedelta(weeks=1))                    # 2023-09-10 19:49:52.051939  
print(t - relativedelta(hours=1))                    # 2023-09-17 18:49:52.051939  
print(t - relativedelta(minutes=1))                  # 2023-09-17 19:48:52.051939  
print(t - relativedelta(seconds=1))                  # 2023-09-17 19:49:51.051939  

# 绝对参数
print(t - relativedelta(year=1))                     # 0001-09-17 19:49:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(month=1))                    # 2023-01-17 19:49:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(day=1))                      # 2023-09-01 19:49:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(hour=1))                     # 2023-09-17 01:49:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(minute=1))                   # 2023-09-17 19:01:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(second=1))                   # 2023-09-17 19:49:01.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(year=1))                     # 0001-09-17 19:49:52.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(month=1))                    # 2023-01-17 19:49:52.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(day=1))                      # 2023-09-01 19:49:52.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(hour=1))                     # 2023-09-17 01:49:52.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(minute=1))                   # 2023-09-17 19:01:52.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(second=1))                   # 2023-09-17 19:49:01.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(weekday=MO(1)))              # 2023-09-18 19:49:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(weekday=MO(1)))              # 2023-09-18 19:49:52.051939    
print(t + relativedelta(weekday=MO(-1)))             # 2023-09-11 19:49:52.051939    
print(t - relativedelta(weekday=MO(-1)))             # 2023-09-11 19:49:52.051939  
# 若t为周一,则MO(1)、MO(-1)不会改变t

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