组成部分:
SQLAlchemy本身无法操作数据库,其必须以来pymsql等第三方插件,Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作:
基于pymysql连接
mysql+pymysql://:@/[?]
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, sessionmaker
Base = declarative_base()
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:[email protected]:3306/hotel",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Session = sessionmaker(engine)
# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True)
age = Column(Integer, default=18)
email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
__table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)
class Hosts(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hosts'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')
# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################
class Server2Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server2group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
def init_db():
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
drop_db()
init_db()
from orm import Users, Hosts, Session
# 原生SQL查询
from sqlalchemy.sql import text
# 全局session 实例化
session = Session()
# 简单插入
def insert():
# ############# 执行ORM操作 #############
obj1 = Users(name="alex1")
session.add(obj1)
# 提交事务
session.commit()
# 批量插入
def batch_insert():
session.add_all([
Users(name="wupeiqi"),
Users(name="alex"),
Hosts(name="c1.com"),
])
session.commit()
# 简单条件删除
def delete():
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 2).delete()
session.commit()
# 简单条件更新
def update():
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"name": "099"})
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({Users.name: Users.name + "099"}, synchronize_session=False)
session.query(Users).filter(Users.id > 0).update({"age": Users.age + 1}, synchronize_session="evaluate")
session.commit()
# 简单查询
def select():
r1 = session.query(Users).all()
print(r1)
r2 = session.query(Users.name.label('xx'), Users.age).all()
print(r2)
r3 = session.query(Users).filter(Users.name == "alex").all()
print(r3)
r4 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').all()
print(r4)
r5 = session.query(Users).filter_by(name='alex').first()
print(r5)
r6 = session.query(Users).filter(text("id<:value and name=:name")).params(value=224, name='fred').order_by(
Users.id).all()
print(r6)
r7 = session.query(Users).from_statement(text("SELECT * FROM users where name=:name")).params(name='ed').all()
print(r7)
# 全局session 关闭
session.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
# insert()
# batch_insert()
# delete()
# update()
select()