0x00. OpenSSL使用
作为本地环境的实验，可以使用 OpenSSL 生成证书帮助理解证书认证的整个过程，事实上，在应用层面OpenSSL的可靠性是值得考量的，最著名的事件莫过于在 2014 年爆出的心跳漏洞（Heart Bleed），利用该漏洞，黑客坐在自己家里电脑前，就可以实时获取到约 30% 以 https 开头网址的用户登录账号密码，包括大批网银、购物网站、电子邮件等。
1. 获取OpenSSL
- Github
- OpenSSL官网
- Git安装目录下的 /usr/bin/openssl.exe（win10，Linux类似）
比较折腾的方法是到 Github 或者 OpenSSL 官网的官网下载源码，然后自己编译，但我敲下nmake命令之后，发现这个坑不是一般的大，想想要在我这破电脑上装个VS突然心酸不已，那有没有什么 easy way 呢？有，而且或许在不知不觉中你已经装了，那就是Git，想想Git一套套的安全验证机制，当你在Git安装目录下的 /usr/bin/ 中找到 openssl.exe 这个文件时真的不需要惊奇。
2. 创建私钥
下面命令会生成2048位的RSA密钥对， 并且将它存放在exp.key文件中。
OpenSSL> genrsa -out out.key 2048
如果不指定参数则会创建默认2048位的RSA密钥对， 并且输出到stdout
OpenSSL> genrsa
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
.......................................................................................+++
........+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
下面是genrsa命令的一些参数 (usage: genrsa [args)][numbits])
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| -des | encrypt the generated key with DES in cbc mode |
| -des3 | encrypt the generated key with DES in ede cbc mode (168 bit key) |
| -idea | encrypt the generated key with IDEA in cbc mode |
| -seed | encrypt PEM output with cbc seed |
| -aes128, -aes192, -aes256 | encrypt PEM output with cbc aes |
| -camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256 | encrypt PEM output with cbc camellia |
| -out file | output the key to 'file |
| -passout arg | output file pass phrase source |
| -f4 | use F4 (0x10001) for the E value |
| -3 | use 3 for the E value |
| -engine e | use engine e, possibly a hardware device. |
| -rand file;file;... | load the file (or the files in the directory) intothe random number generator |
3. 创建证书请求
下面命令使用 exp.key密钥文件（刚刚创建的） 生成一个新的证书请求文件exp.csr。 在创建过程中需要输入一些其它参数， 这些参数在下面给出
OpenSSL> req -new -out exp.csr -key exp.key
输出内容如下
Enter pass phrase for root.key: ← 输入前面创建的密码
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter ‘.’, the field will be left blank.
—–
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN ← 国家代号，中国输入CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:BeiJing ← 省的全名，拼音
Locality Name (eg, city) []:BeiJing ← 市的全名，拼音
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:MyCompany Corp. ← 公司英文名
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: ← 可以不输入
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: ← 创建根证书时不用输入，创建服务器证书时需要认真输入
Email Address []:[email protected] ← 电子邮箱，可随意填
Please enter the following ‘extra’ attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []: ← 可以不输入
An optional company name []: ← 可以不输入
下面是req的一些参数
使用：req [options]
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| -inform arg | input format - DER or PEM |
| -outform arg | output format - DER or PEM |
| -in arg | input file |
| -out arg | output file |
| -text | text form of request |
| -pubkey | output public key |
| -noout | do not output REQ |
| -verify | verify signature on REQ |
| -modulus | RSA modulus |
| -nodes | don't encrypt the output key |
| -engine e | use engine e, possibly a hardware device |
| -subject | output the request's subject |
| -passin | private key password source |
| -key file | use the private key contained in file |
| -keyform arg | key file format |
| -keyout arg | file to send the key to |
| -rand file;file;... | load the file (or the files in the directory) into the random number generator |
| -newkey rsa:bits | generate a new RSA key of 'bits' in size |
| -newkey dsa:file | generate a new DSA key, parameters taken from CA in 'file' |
| -newkey ec:file | generate a new EC key, parameters taken from CA in 'file' |
| -[digest] | Digest to sign with (md5, sha1, md2, mdc2, md4) |
| -config file | request template file. |
| -subj arg | set or modify request subject |
| -multivalue-rdn | enable support for multivalued RDNs |
| -new | new request. |
| -batch | do not ask anything during request generation |
| -x509 | output a x509 structure instead of a cert. req |
| -days | number of days a certificate generated by -x509 is valid for. |
| -set_serial | serial number to use for a certificate generated by -x509. |
| -newhdr | output "NEW" in the header lines |
| -asn1 -kludge | Output the 'request' in a format that is wrong but some CA's |
4. 生成自签名证书
下面命令用证书请求文件exp.csr， 通过exp.key签名后生成有效其10年的证书exp.crt
OpenSSL> x509 -req -in exp.csr -out exp.crt -signkey exp.key -days 3650
X509 一些常用参数：
| 参数 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| -CAform arg | - CA format - default PEM |
| -outform arg | - output format - default PEM (one of DER, NET or PEM) |
| -inform arg | - input format - default PEM (one of DER, NET or PEM) |
| -keyform arg | - private key format - default PEM |
| -CAkeyform arg | - CA key format - default PEM |
| -in arg | - input file - default stdin |
| -out arg | - output file - default stdout |
| -passin arg | - private key password source |
| -serial | - print serial number value |
| -subject_hash | - print subject hash value |
| -subject_hash_old | - print old-style (MD5) subject hash value |
| -issuer_hash | - print issuer hash value |
| -issuer_hash_old | - print old-style (MD5) issuer hash value |
| -hash | - synonym for -subject_hash |
| -subject | - print subject DN |
| -issuer | - print issuer DN |
| - print email address(es) | |
| -startdate | - notBefore field |
| -enddate | - notAfter field |
| -purpose | - print out certificate purposes |
| -dates | - both Before and After dates |
| -modulus | - print the RSA key modulus |
| -pubkey | - output the public key |
| -fingerprint | - print the certificate fingerprint |
| -alias | - output certificate alias |
| -noout | - no certificate output |
| -ocspid | - print OCSP hash values for the subject name and public key |
| -ocsp_uri | - print OCSP Responder URL(s) |
| -trustout | - output a "trusted" certificate |
| -clrtrust | - clear all trusted purposes |
| -clrreject | - clear all rejected purposes |
| -addtrust arg | - trust certificate for a given purpose |
| -addreject arg | - reject certificate for a given purpose |
| -setalias arg | - set certificate alias |
| -days arg | - How long till expiry of a signed certificate - def 30 days |
| -checkend arg | check whether the cert expires in the next arg seconds exit 1 if so, 0 if not |
| -signkey arg | - self sign cert with arg |
| -x509toreq | - output a certification request object |
| -req | - input is a certificate request, sign and output. |
| -CA arg | - set the CA certificate, must be PEM format. |
| -CAcreateserial | - create serial number file if it does not exist |
| -CAserial arg | - serial file |
0x01. 根证书
根证书根证书是CA认证中心给自己颁发的证书，是信任链的起始点。安装根证书意味着对这个CA认证中心的信任。
1. 制作根证书密钥root.key
生成2048位的RSA密钥对，并且使用3重DES对之进行加密，将加密结果输出到root.key密钥文件
openssl genrsa -des3 -out root.key 2048
image
2. 创建根证书的申请文件root.csr
使用root.key文件中的私钥加密请求信息并将加密结果输出到root.csr文件中
req -new -key root.key -out root.csr
image
3. 创建一个自当前日期起为期十年的根证书 root.crt
x509 -req -days 3650 -sha256 -extensions v3_ca -signkey root.key -in root.csr -out root.crt
image
0x02. 服务器证书
1. 创建服务器证书密钥 server.key
genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
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2. 创建服务器证书的申请文件 server.csr
req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
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3. 创建服务器证书
创建自当前日期起有效期为期十年的服务器证书 server.crt
openssl x509 -req -days 3650 -sha256 -extensions v3_req -CA root.crt -CAkey root.key -CAcreateserial -in server.csr -out server.crt
image
4. 导出.p12文件 server1.p12
openssl pkcs12 -export -in D:\softwares\Git\usr\bin\server.crt -inkey D:\softwares\Git\usr\bin\server.key -out D:\softwares\Git\usr\bin\server1.p12 -name "server1"
根据命令提示，输入server.key密码，创建p12密码。
img
5. 生成./store文件 server1.keystore
使用JDK自带的密钥工具keytoool生成密钥存储文件
keytool -importkeystore -v -srckeystore /tmp/ca/server.p12 -srcstoretype pkcs12 -srcstorepass 123456 -destkeystore /tmp/ca/server.keystore -deststoretype jks -deststorepass 123456
// 这里srcstorepass后面的123456为server.p12的密码deststorepass后的123456为keyStore的密码
image
0x03. 配置Tomcat
将keystore文件
server.keystore放在tomcat根目录的conf目录下-
修改tomcat配置文件
server.xml，添加Connector节点
0x04. 测试
修改C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts文件，使上面配置server.csr时指定的www.geekeye.com指向环路地址127.0.0.1
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在 IDEA 中使用本地的 Tomcat 运行一个项目进行测试
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成功访问登录界面，显示不安全
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在 HTTP 协议下登录，输入用户名密码都为 admin，请求的后端接口为user/login.do，使用 Wireshark 抓包情况如下
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在 HTTPS 协议下登录，输入用户名密码都为 admin，请求的后端接口为user/login.do，使用 Wireshark 抓包情况如下
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用户名密码信息已经看不到了，因为数据已经使用加密方法加密了。