一.概述
本章讲的选项模式是对Configuration配置的功能扩展。 讲这篇时有个专用名词叫“选项类(TOptions)” 。该选项类作用是指:把选项类中的属性与配置来源中的键关联起来。举个例,假设json文件有个Option1键,选项类中也有个叫Option1的属性名,经过选项配置,这样就能把json中的键的值映射到选项类属性值中。也可以理解在项目应用中,把一个json文件序列化到.net类。
1.1选项接口介绍
在官方文档中选项接口有很多,这里列举了这些选项接口。所有选项接口基本都继承了TOptions接口。
// Used for notifications when TOptions instances change
public interface IOptionsMonitor
{
//
// 摘要:
// Returns the current TOptions instance with the Microsoft.Extensions.Options.Options.DefaultName.
TOptions CurrentValue { get; }
//...
}
// Used to create TOptions instances
public interface IOptionsFactory where TOptions : class, new()
{
//
// 摘要:
// Returns a configured TOptions instance with the given name.
TOptions Create(string name);
}
// Represents something that configures the TOptions type. Note: These are run before all
public interface IConfigureOptions where TOptions : class
{
//
// 摘要:
// Invoked to configure a TOptions instance.
//
// 参数:
// options:
// The options instance to configure.
void Configure(TOptions options);
}
public interface IPostConfigureOptions where TOptions : class
{
//
// 摘要:
// Invoked to configure a TOptions instance.
//
// 参数:
// name:
// The name of the options instance being configured.
//
// options:
// The options instance to configured.
void PostConfigure(string name, TOptions options);
}
public interface IConfigureNamedOptions : IConfigureOptions where TOptions : class
{
//
// 摘要:
// Invoked to configure a TOptions instance.
//
// 参数:
// name:
// The name of the options instance being configured.
//
// options:
// The options instance to configure.
void Configure(string name, TOptions options);
}
// Used by IOptionsMonitor to cache TOptions instances.
public interface IOptionsMonitorCache where TOptions : class
{
//
// 摘要:
// Clears all options instances from the cache.
void Clear();
//
// 摘要:
// Gets a named options instance, or adds a new instance created with createOptions.
//
// 参数:
// name:
// The name of the options instance.
//
// createOptions:
// The func used to create the new instance.
//
// 返回结果:
// The options instance.
TOptions GetOrAdd(string name, Func createOptions);
//
// 摘要:
// Tries to adds a new option to the cache, will return false if the name already
// exists.
//
// 参数:
// name:
// The name of the options instance.
//
// options:
// The options instance.
//
// 返回结果:
// Whether anything was added.
bool TryAdd(string name, TOptions options);
//
// 摘要:
// Try to remove an options instance.
//
// 参数:
// name:
// The name of the options instance.
//
// 返回结果:
// Whether anything was removed.
bool TryRemove(string name);
}
// Used to access the value of TOptions for the lifetime of a request
public interface IOptionsSnapshot : IOptions where TOptions : class, new()
{
//
// 摘要:
// Returns a configured TOptions instance with the given name.
TOptions Get(string name);
}
//Used to retrieve configured TOptions instances
public interface IOptions where TOptions : class, new()
{
//
// 摘要:
// The default configured TOptions instance
TOptions Value { get; }
}
(1) IOptionsMonitor
IOptionsMonitor
(1) 更改通知。当配置文件发生修改时,会监听同步到选项类。
(2) 命名选项。IConfigureNamedOptions支持命名选项。接口继续关系 IConfigureNamedOptions:IConfigureOptions
(3) 重新加载配置。通过 IOptionsSnapshot 重新加载配置数据,IOptionsMonitor也支持该功能。 接口继续关系IOptionsSnapshot :IOptions
(4) 选择性选项失效 (IOptionsMonitorCache
(2) 其它接口
IOptionsFactory
默认实现采用所有已注册 IConfigureOptions
然后才进行选项后期配置IPostConfigureOptions
IOptionsMonitorCache
1.2 常规选项配置
TOptions选项类必须为包含公共无参数构造函数的非抽象类。下面示例中选项类MyOptions具有两种属性:Option1 和 Option2。 设置默认值为可选,但以下示例中的类构造函数设置了 Option1 的默认值。 Option2 具有通过直接初始化属性设置的默认值。
public class MyOptions
{
public MyOptions()
{
// Set default value.
Option1 = "value1_from_ctor";
}
public string Option1 { get; set; }
public int Option2 { get; set; } = 5;
}
//将MyOptions类已通过Configure添加到服务容器,并绑定到配置IConfiguration上
//Registers a configuration instance which TOptions will bind against.
services.Configure(Configuration);
private readonly MyOptions _options;
//OtherPages/Page1
public Page1Model( IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessor)
{
_options = optionsAccessor.CurrentValue;
}
public void OnGet() {
var option1 = _options.Option1;
var option2 = _options.Option2;
var SimpleOptions = $"option1 = {option1}, option2 = {option2}";
}
// 此时SimpleOptions值:"option1 = value1_from_ctor, option2 = 5"
//下面在appsettings.json 文件添加 option1 和 option2 的值。
"option1": "value1_from_json",
"option2": -1,
当配置文件appsettings.json中option1和option2键的值改变后,MyOptions 选项类中的属性option1和option2的值也会改变。 下面再次运行OtherPages/Page1
//此时SimpleOptions的值为:"option1 = value1_from_json, option2 = -1"
为什么MyOptions类中option1,option2会取到appsettings.json文件中的值呢?因为MyOptions选项类注入到Iconfiguration服务后与appsettings.json文件中键相同,形成了映射。
1.3 通过委托配置简单选项
使用委托设置选项值。 此示例应用使用 MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig 类 ,这里仍然是使用相同的键Option1,Option2。 它通过 MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig 使用委托来配置绑定。
public class MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig
{
public MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig()
{
// Set default value.
Option1 = "value1_from_ctor";
}
public string Option1 { get; set; }
public int Option2 { get; set; } = 5;
}
services.Configure(Configuration);
//第二个注入服务
services.Configure(myOptions =>
{
// 在Page1Model构造方法中生成MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig实例时调用
myOptions.Option1 = "value1_configured_by_delegate";
myOptions.Option2 = 500;
});
public Page1Model(
IConfiguration configuration,
IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig,
IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessor
)
{
_optionsWithDelegateConfig = optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig.CurrentValue;
_options = optionsAccessor.CurrentValue;
Configuration = configuration;
}
public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
private readonly MyOptions _options;
private readonly MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig _optionsWithDelegateConfig;
public string BindGUIDMsg { get; set; }
public void OnGet()
{
BindGUIDMsg = $"option1 = {_options.Option1}, option2 = {_options.Option2}";
BindGUIDMsg += "";
BindGUIDMsg += $"delegate_option1 = {_optionsWithDelegateConfig.Option1}, " +
$"delegate_option2 = {_optionsWithDelegateConfig.Option2}";
}
每次调用 Configure 都会将 IConfigureOptions
当启用多个配置服务时,指定的最后一个配置源优于其他源,由其设置配置值。 运行应用时,页面模型的 OnGet 方法返回显示选项类值的字符串:
// myOptions实例取值如下:
SimpleOptions:option1 = -1,option2 = 5
// MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig实例取值如下:
delegate_option1 = value1_configured_by_delegate,delegate_option2 = 500
1.4 子选项配置
当配置文件中的子节点需要与选项类进行关联映射时,可以通过服务注入bind到指定的Configuration节点。在以下代码中,已向服务容器添加第三个 IConfigureOptions
"Option1": "value1_from_json",
"Option2": -1,
"subsection": {
"suboption1": "subvalue1_from_json",
"suboption2": 200
}
public class MySubOptions
{
public MySubOptions()
{
// Set default values.
SubOption1 = "value1_from_ctor";
SubOption2 = 5;
}
public string SubOption1 { get; set; }
public int SubOption2 { get; set; }
}
//第三个IConfigureOptions注入服务
services.Configure(Configuration.GetSection("subsection"));
//OtherPages/Page1
public Page1Model(
IConfiguration configuration,
IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig,
IOptionsMonitor optionsAccessor,
IOptionsMonitor subOptionsAccessor
)
{
_optionsWithDelegateConfig = optionsAccessorWithDelegateConfig.CurrentValue;
_options = optionsAccessor.CurrentValue;
_subOptions = subOptionsAccessor.CurrentValue;
Configuration = configuration;
}
public IConfiguration Configuration { get; }
private readonly MyOptions _options;
private readonly MyOptionsWithDelegateConfig _optionsWithDelegateConfig;
private readonly MySubOptions _subOptions;
// OnGet方法
SubOptions = $"subOption1 = {_subOptions.SubOption1}, subOption2 = {_subOptions.SubOption2}"
// OnGet方法
SubOptions = $"subOption1 = {_subOptions.SubOption1}, subOption2 = {_subOptions.SubOption2}"
1.5 IConfigureNamedOptions选项命名
IConfigureNamedOptions:是用于对选项类在注入服务时,进行命名。下面是把MyOptions选项类注入到服务,并取了别名named_options_1。 如下所示:
services.Configure("named_options_1", Configuration);
//在要使用的页面,如下所示:
private readonly MyOptions _named_options_1;
public IndexModel(
IOptionsSnapshot namedOptionsAccessor)
{
_named_options_1 = namedOptionsAccessor.Get("named_options_1");
}
// IOptionsSnapshot源码
public interface IOptionsSnapshot : IOptions where TOptions : class, new()
{
//
// 摘要:
// Returns a configured TOptions instance with the given name.
TOptions Get(string name);
}
1.6 ConfigureAll
上面介绍的选项类,在注入服务时都是使用的services.Configure,它是针对选项类的当前实例,例如:在page1和page2都使用了实例MyOptions( private readonly MyOptions _options)但它们属于不同的实例。
//使用 ConfigureAll 方法配置所有选项实例
services.ConfigureAll(myOptions =>
{
//所有MyOptions实例配置 Option1的值
myOptions.Option1 = "ConfigureAll replacement value";
});
//添加代码后运行示例应用将产生以下结果:
named_options_1: option1 = ConfigureAll replacement value, option2 = -1
named_options_2: option1 = ConfigureAll replacement value, option2 = 5
总结:
选项模式是对Configuration配置的功能扩展,主要用于把json文件序列化到.net类(选项类)。通过注入services. Configure或services.ConfigureAll把选项类注入到服务并绑定到Configuration上。 选项这篇还有其它功能如:选项后期配置( IPostConfigureOptions), 启动期间访问选项, 选项验证等,详细了解查看官网
参考文献
官方资料:asp.net core 选项