下面的文章翻译自SalesForce的learing Material
https://trailhead.salesforce.com/content/learn/modules/blockchain-basics/blockchain-fundamentals
See Blockchain in Action
Learning Objectives
After completing this unit, you’ll be able to:
- Explain how an ecosystem works on a blockchain.
解释区块链是如何在生态中工作的 - Explain how smart contracts work.
解释指挥合同是如何生效的 - Describe a tangible use case.
描述一个实实在在的应用案例
Let’s walk through a use case and see blockchain in action!
The Coffee Bean Business Network
咖啡豆商业网络
The business network for buying and selling coffee beans is definitely a global one, consisting of many participants:
咖啡豆的买卖网络毋庸置疑是一个全球化网络,它包含了许多参与者.
- Coffee bean growers who make money by selling the beans they harvest.
通过出售咖啡豆来盈利的豆农 - Coffee bean brewers who buy the coffee beans and make money by turning them into heart-warming cups of coffee for their customers.
买豆子并为大家提供温暖咖啡的咖啡豆酿造商 - Logistic and shipping companies that pick up the coffee from growers and deliver them to brewers around the world.
从豆农手中承接并且为全世界咖啡店提供咖啡的物流和船运公司
Let's say you’re a coffee brewer, McEvy’s Coffee. You start out with a small inventory of three kinds of coffee beans: Good, Better, and Best. As a brewer, you make money by converting the beans into cups of delicious coffee and selling them to your customers.
假设您是一家咖啡酿酒商，McEvy's Coffee，首先从少量的三种咖啡豆入手：好，更好和最好。作为酿酒者，您可以通过将咖啡豆转化为美味的咖啡卖给顾客来赚钱。
Your efficiency and the quality of coffee beans you use determine how much profit you make.
您的效率和所用咖啡豆的质量决定了您获得多少利润。
After you brew coffee and make a profit, you find you've used up all your Best beans. You definitely need more—you make more money per cup of Best coffee than you do from other types. But first, you need to find a coffee bean supplier.
在你冲泡咖啡并赚钱后，您发现您用尽了所有最好的咖啡豆，这时你肯定需要更多–与其他类型的咖啡豆相比，每杯最好的咖啡赚的钱更多。你需要找到一个咖啡豆供应商。
In a world without blockchain, you find it difficult to even find a coffee bean grower who is willing to sell you the quality of beans you need with terms that work for you. Even after you find one, you still need to negotiate the price and the quantity. Then the grower might promise to give you their Best quality coffee beans, but you have no guarantee.
在一个没有区块链的世界中，你甚至很难找到愿意以对您有利的条款来对你出售所需品质咖啡豆的供应商，即使你找到了豆农，你仍然需要协商价格.随后，他可能会答应为您提供最优质的咖啡豆，但也可能不会,你无法保证。
Smart Contracts
This is where blockchain comes in. Blockchain improves the efficiency between brewer and grower during the contracting process.
是时候让区块链来帮你解决这个问题了.区块链会帮助你解决在买方和卖方之间的合约问题
Blockchain lets you and the grower use a smart contract that codifies the terms and conditions that you agree to use to trade coffee beans.
区块链使您和种植者可以使用智能合约,该合约整理了你们将用于交易咖啡豆的条款和条件.
So, using a mobile app, you request to use a smart contract to buy coffee beans. You set up the terms:
因此，在移动应用程序上,您要求使用智能合约购买咖啡豆.您设置了以下条件：
- The quality of beans you want to buy—Best 你想买的咖啡豆品质:最佳
- The quantity you want to buy—40 units 你想购买的数量:40个单位
- The price range you're willing to accept—anywhere up to $7 per unit 你愿意支付的价格区间:不超过7美元一份就可以
When you submit your smart contract, it's registered in the network and the blockchain logic matches you with a grower who accepts your terms and conditions.
当你把你的智能合同提交后,它就会被在网络上注册,此时区块链会自动给你匹配一个满足你的条款和条件的豆农.
The smart contract increases the level of trust between participants because it's the only mechanism that allows organizations to participate in the coffee bean network. No one organization has the ability to change the business rules that have been set up.
智能合约提高了参与者之间的信任度，因为它是允许哥组织参与咖啡豆网络的唯一机制。 没有一个组织能够更改已设置的业务规则。
If you want to withdraw at any time because you have enough Best quality coffee beans, you can do that. Otherwise, smart contracts in this particular network are designed to keep looking for matches for you.
智能合约会在这个网络中,一直为你寻找匹配项,直到你觉得你已经有了足够数量的咖啡豆并且想退出了
Note
- When you join a business network using smart contracts running on blockchain, you can see how the smart contracts are written so you can decide up front whether you would like to participate.
你可以看看智能条款是怎么写的,然后再决定是否加入这个基于区块链的商业智能网络.
Provenance
With blockchain, you can trace the history of the coffee beans and have a guarantee of quality. For example, with your transaction, the shared ledger records: "Deal struck between buyer McEvy’s Coffee and grower Big Beans for the purchase of 40 units of Best beans for $6.00/unit."
借助区块链，您可以追踪咖啡豆的历史并保证质量.例如,在您的交易中,共享的分类帐记录如下:"交易发生在买方McEvy的Coffee和种植商Big Beans之间，以每单位6.00美元的价格购买了40单位最好的豆子"。
It's important to understand that this level of visibility would go up to a global coffee regulator. Organizations performing regulatory roles such as this often require a certain amount of insight to make sure that everyone is following the rules.
重要的是要了解,这种程度的见性是取决于全球咖啡监管机构的.履行此类监管职责的组织通常需要一定的洞察力,以确保每个人都遵守规则。
Without blockchain, that regulator would need to collect the activity reports from all the participants and do forensic analysis to untangle the spaghetti mess of transactions that took place, hoping they could figure out if someone was trying to hide something to make themselves look better (or become richer).
没有区块链，监管者将需要收集所有参与者的活动报告,并进行取证分析,来解开发生的各种混乱交易,以此来搞清楚有没有人在试图隐藏一些让自己变得更好的事实（或变得更富有）。
But in this case, consensus builds around every single record on the ledger. Everyone in the business network knows they can trust the information. And the regulator can rely on it to provide visibility into the state of the business network.
但是在刚刚提到的情况下,共识建立在分类账上的每条记录上.在商业网络中的每个人都知道他们可以相信这些信息.而监管者可以依靠它来提供对业务网络状态的可见性。
Privacy
Now, it's obvious this information is highly sensitive–how much coffee is bought, prices, quantities, and so on. You definitely want to keep your deal information away from competitors.
现在,很明显,这些信息非常敏感-购买了多少咖啡,价格,数量等等.而你绝对希望让这些交易信息远离竞争对手。
Luckily, when you joined this network, you went through an on-boarding process which included terms and conditions you had to agree to and a review conducted by other members. Once you were accepted, you were given a digital identity and a set of digital keys that you could use to decrypt and look at certain data fields inside the shared ledger.
还好幸运的是,当您加入该网络时,您经历了一个类似入职流程,其中包括您必须同意的条款和条件以及一个其他成员对你进行的审查.一旦加入,您将获得一个数字身份和一组数字密钥,来用于解密和查看共享分类帐中的某些数据字段。
Each buyer and seller on the network has visibility into only the transactions they are involved with. By design, the business blockchain prevents them from gaining unauthorized access to others' sensitive information.
网络上的每个买卖双方只能查看他们所涉及的交易.通过提前设计,业务区块链可防止未经授权访问他人的敏感信息。
Every time you brew coffee, it shows up here. You’re able to trace the history back to see the quality of the coffee sent to you, and when the grower harvested it. And that’s it.
每次你酿咖啡的时候,它就会出现.你可以追溯这个咖啡豆的历史,查看它的品质,什么时候收获的.
New Business Models
Blockchain enables you to do things you couldn't do before with traditional ledgers.
区块链使您能够执行传统账本以前无法完成的工作。
Let's take a look at certification organizations, whose job it is to analyze business practices and give their coffee seal of approval if growers or buyers meet their standards.
让我们看一下认证机构,它们的工作是分析业务实践,并在种植者或购买者达到其标准时给予他们批准的印章。
The ledger starts showing new entries from these certification organizations. For example, "Certification authority Organic Bean Buyers has joined the network," and "Taster's Inc. has joined the network." This information is available and visible to others on the network.
分类帐始于显示来自这些认证组织的新条目.例如:"认证机构Organic Bean Buyers已加入网络"和"Taster's Inc.已加入网络".此信息是对网络上的其他人都是可见和可获取的。
On the growers' side, an environmental organization or a fair trade practices organization might review the grower’s environmental practices. Now, the grower can apply for certification on the blockchain and, if successful, can attract more buyers to do business with them, since their certification is visible to the network . Buyers can see that a respected authority has stamped the ledger with their seal of approval in a way that is tamper-proof and trusted.
在种植者方面,环保组织或公平贸易惯例组织可以审查种植者的环保实践。现在,种植者可以在区块链上申请认证，如果成功，则可以吸引更多的买家与他们开展业务，因为他们的认证对网络是可见的。买家可以看到，受人尊敬的权威机构以防篡改和可信任的方式,在分类帐上盖了章。
On the buyer’s side, where they are converting coffee beans into cups of delicious, hot coffee, certification comes from a food critic. Having critical acclaim might add to the selling price of your coffee. And since the critic is trusted with their work fully tracked on the ledger, you can claim the title of having the Best Cup of Coffee in the area without question.
而在买方方面,他们把咖啡豆转化为杯美味的热咖啡.认证者来自食品评论家.广受好评可能会增加咖啡的售价.而且由于评论家相信他们在分类账上进行的完整跟踪，因此您可以毫无疑问地获得该地区"最佳咖啡"的称号。
Start a Blockchain Network
Now that you understand the value of a business network based on blockchain, you might see opportunities for your business. Maybe you know of a new blockchain network forming in your industry. Or there’s an opportunity for you to gather a few other organizations together and establish a new business blockchain network yourself.
既然您了解了基于区块链的业务网络的价值,那么您可能会发现自己的业务机会.也许您知道您的行业中正在形成一个新的区块链网络.或者,您有机会将其他一些组织聚集在一起,并亲自建立一个新的业务区块链网络。
Being a network founder can have many benefits, since you get a say in who gets to join and what criteria they need to meet. But with that power comes responsibility—blockchain networks are only successful when others want to join. In other words, you need to give them clear incentives and ensure that they get some benefit from participating.
成为网络创始人可以带来很多好处，因为您可以裁定谁可以加入以及他们需要满足哪些条件.但是与这权力相应的是责任–区块链网络只有在其他人希望加入时才成功.换句话说，您需要给他们明确的激励措施,来确保他们从参与中受益。
Blockchain is all about helping business networks reduce risk while increasing trust and security. It can provide transparency to the regulators and other participants who need it, while still providing the privacy and the specific views into the ledger that are relevant for each of the different types of participants. Businesses benefit. Your customers benefit.
区块链旨在帮助企业网络降低风险，同时提高信任度和安全性.它可以为需要它的监管机构和其他参与者提供透明度,同时仍然提供隐私和对每种不同类型参与者相关分类账的特定视图.企业受益,你的客户也将从中受益。