kubeadm方式部署单节点kubernetes环境

------实验所需机器

master（2C/4G，cpu核心数要求大于2）  	20.0.0.101		docker、kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl、flannel
node01（2C/2G）						 	20.0.0.102		docker、kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl、flannel
node02（2C/2G）						 	20.0.0.103	docker、kubeadm、kubelet、kubectl、flannel
Harbor节点（hub.my.com）			    20.0.0.104		docker、docker-compose、harbor-offline-v1.2.2
1、在所有节点上安装Docker和kubeadm
2、部署Kubernetes Master
3、部署容器网络插件
4、部署 Kubernetes Node，将节点加入Kubernetes集群中
5、部署 Dashboard Web 页面，可视化查看Kubernetes资源
6、部署 Harbor 私有仓库，存放镜像资源

------------------------------ 环境准备 ------------------------------
//所有节点，关闭防火墙规则，关闭selinux，关闭swap交换

systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
setenforce 0
sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
iptables -F && iptables -t nat -F && iptables -t mangle -F && iptables -X
swapoff -a						#交换分区必须要关闭
sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab		#永久关闭swap分区，&符号在sed命令中代表上次匹配的结果
#加载 ip_vs 模块
for i in $(ls /usr/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/net/netfilter/ipvs|grep -o "^[^.]*");do echo $i; /sbin/modinfo -F filename $i >/dev/null 2>&1 && /sbin/modprobe $i;done

//修改主机名

hostnamectl set-hostname master01
hostnamectl set-hostname node01
hostnamectl set-hostname node02

//所有节点修改hosts文件

vim /etc/hosts
20.0.0.101 master01
20.0.0.102 node01
20.0.0.103 node02

//调整内核参数

cat > /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf << EOF
#开启网桥模式，可将网桥的流量传递给iptables链
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
#关闭ipv6协议
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
EOF

//生效参数

sysctl --system 

-------------------- 所有节点安装docker --------------------

yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2 
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo 
yum install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

mkdir /etc/docker
cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://6ijb8ubo.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "100m"
  }
}
EOF
#使用Systemd管理的Cgroup来进行资源控制与管理，因为相对Cgroupfs而言，Systemd限制CPU、内存等资源更加简单和成熟稳定。
#日志使用json-file格式类型存储，大小为100M，保存在/var/log/containers目录下，方便ELK等日志系统收集和管理日志。

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker.service
systemctl enable docker.service 

docker info | grep "Cgroup Driver"

-------------------- 所有节点安装kubeadm，kubelet和kubectl --------------------
//定义kubernetes源

cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo << EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

yum install -y kubelet-1.20.11 kubeadm-1.20.11 kubectl-1.20.11

//开机自启kubelet

systemctl enable kubelet.service
#K8S通过kubeadm安装出来以后都是以Pod方式存在，即底层是以容器方式运行，所以kubelet必须设置开机自启

-------------------- 部署K8S集群 --------------------
//查看初始化需要的镜像

kubeadm config images list

//在 master 节点上传 v1.20.11.zip 压缩包至 /opt 目录

unzip v1.20.11.zip -d /opt/k8s
cd /opt/k8s/v1.20.11
for i in $(ls *.tar); do docker load -i $i; done

//复制镜像和脚本到 node 节点，并在 node 节点上执行脚本加载镜像文件

scp -r /opt/k8s root@node01:/opt
scp -r /opt/k8s root@node02:/opt
cd /opt/k8s/v1.20.11
for i in $(ls *.tar); do docker load -i $i; done

//初始化kubeadm （在master01操作）

方法一：
kubeadm config print init-defaults > /opt/kubeadm-config.yaml

cd /opt/
vim kubeadm-config.yaml
......
11 localAPIEndpoint:
12   advertiseAddress: 20.0.0.101		#指定master节点的IP地址
13   bindPort: 6443
......
34 kubernetesVersion: v1.20.11				#指定kubernetes版本号
35 networking:
36   dnsDomain: cluster.local
37   podSubnet: "10.244.0.0/16"				#指定pod网段，10.244.0.0/16用于匹配flannel默认网段
38   serviceSubnet: 10.96.0.0/16			#指定service网段
39 scheduler: {}
#末尾再添加以下内容
--- 
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
mode: ipvs									#把默认的kube-proxy调度方式改为ipvs模式

kubeadm init --config=kubeadm-config.yaml --upload-certs | tee kubeadm-init.log
#--experimental-upload-certs 参数可以在后续执行加入节点时自动分发证书文件，K8S V1.16版本开始替换为 --upload-certs
#tee kubeadm-init.log 用以输出日志

//查看 kubeadm-init 日志

less kubeadm-init.log

//kubernetes配置文件目录

ls /etc/kubernetes/

//存放ca等证书和密码的目录

ls /etc/kubernetes/pki		

方法二：

kubeadm init \
--apiserver-advertise-address=20.0.0.101 \
--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
--kubernetes-version=v1.20.11 \
--service-cidr=10.96.0.0/16 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
--token-ttl=0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
初始化集群需使用kubeadm init命令，可以指定具体参数初始化，也可以指定配置文件初始化。
可选参数：
--apiserver-advertise-address：apiserver通告给其他组件的IP地址，一般应该为Master节点的用于集群内部通信的IP地址，0.0.0.0表示节点上所有可用地址
--apiserver-bind-port：apiserver的监听端口，默认是6443
--cert-dir：通讯的ssl证书文件，默认/etc/kubernetes/pki
--control-plane-endpoint：控制台平面的共享终端，可以是负载均衡的ip地址或者dns域名，高可用集群时需要添加
--image-repository：拉取镜像的镜像仓库，默认是k8s.gcr.io
--kubernetes-version：指定kubernetes版本
--pod-network-cidr：pod资源的网段，需与pod网络插件的值设置一致。Flannel网络插件的默认为10.244.0.0/16，Calico插件的默认值为192.168.0.0/16；
--service-cidr：service资源的网段
--service-dns-domain：service全域名的后缀，默认是cluster.local
--token-ttl：默认token的有效期为24小时，如果不想过期，可以加上 --token-ttl=0 这个参数
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

方法二初始化后需要修改 kube-proxy 的 configmap，开启 ipvs

kubectl edit cm kube-proxy -n=kube-system
修改mode: ipvs


提示：
......
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 20.0.0.101:6443 --token wfjo7j.baa0aheyw39w3m7h \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:77100ff66b20100cbd9f1c289788e43aee69c5b4e24cc2c74c2e5d634a074fdc 

//设定kubectl
kubectl需经由API server认证及授权后方能执行相应的管理操作，kubeadm 部署的集群为其生成了一个具有管理员权限的认证配置文件 /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf，它可由 kubectl 通过默认的 “$HOME/.kube/config” 的路径进行加载。

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

测试：
在两个node上：

kubeadm join 20.0.0.101:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:16e64ad2239bbcc30a0232e54e1887bed781084efd50605b2b6e68267002c1ca 

查看node节点状态：

kubectl get node

以上notready是网络问题：
//如果 kubectl get cs 发现集群不健康，在master01更改以下两个文件

kubectl get cs
vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml 
vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml
# 修改如下内容
把--bind-address=127.0.0.1变成--bind-address=20.0.0.101		#修改成k8s的控制节点master01的ip
把httpGet:字段下的hosts由127.0.0.1变成20.0.0.101（有两处）
#- --port=0					# 搜索port=0，把这一行注释掉

systemctl restart kubelet

//所有节点部署网络插件flannel
方法一：

//所有节点上传flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar ,flannel-v0.22.2.tar镜像node 到 /opt 目录，master节点上传cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.2.0.tgz,（由于版本更新后 不使用这个） flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar ,flannel-v0.22.2.tar文件
cd /opt
docker load -i flannel-v0.22.2.tar
docker load -i flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar

将flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar flannel-v0.22.2.tar传给node01和node02
scp flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar flannel-v0.22.2.tar node01:/opt/ 
scp flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar flannel-v0.22.2.tar node02:/opt/ 

在node01和node02加载插件和服务：
cd /opt
docker load -i flannel-v0.22.2.tar 
docker load -i flannel-cni-v1.2.0.tar 

//在 master 节点创建 flannel 资源（将kube-flannel.yml传入/opt ）

kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml 

方法二：

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

kubectl apply -f https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/releases/latest/download/kube-flannel.yml

//在 node 节点上执行 kubeadm join 命令加入群集

kubeadm join 20.0.0.101:6443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:b13fbf5f78d05ec623205f2ecd84d2577a54fbdcb47894a1b061fac81a50192f 

//在master节点查看节点状态

kubectl get nodes

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

注意：要是一直有kube-flannel  状态不是running 则需要将 kube-flannel.yml 重新写入以下内容，
随后在执行一次命令：  kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml 
kube-flannel.yml如下：
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:
  name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:
  privileged: false
  volumes:
  - configMap
  - secret
  - emptyDir
  - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/cni/net.d"
  - pathPrefix: "/etc/kube-flannel"
  - pathPrefix: "/run/flannel"
  readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
  # Users and groups
  runAsUser:
    rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:
    rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:
    rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege Escalation
  allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  defaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
  # Capabilities
  allowedCapabilities: ['NET_ADMIN', 'NET_RAW']
  defaultAddCapabilities: []
  requiredDropCapabilities: []
  # Host namespaces
  hostPID: false
  hostIPC: false
  hostNetwork: true
  hostPorts:
  - min: 0
    max: 65535
  # SELinux
  seLinux:
    # SELinux is unused in CaaSP
    rule: 'RunAsAny'
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
rules:
- apiGroups: ['extensions']
  resources: ['podsecuritypolicies']
  verbs: ['use']
  resourceNames: ['psp.flannel.unprivileged']
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - pods
  verbs:
  - get
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - list
  - watch
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes/status
  verbs:
  - patch
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  name: flannel
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
data:
  cni-conf.json: |
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  net-conf.json: |
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: kube-flannel-ds
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: flannel
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:
      affinity:
        nodeAffinity:
          requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
            nodeSelectorTerms:
            - matchExpressions:
              - key: kubernetes.io/os
                operator: In
                values:
                - linux
      hostNetwork: true
      priorityClassName: system-node-critical
      tolerations:
      - operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:
      - name: install-cni
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.14.0
        command:
        - cp
        args:
        - -f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:
        - name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:
      - name: kube-flannel
        image: quay.io/coreos/flannel:v0.14.0
        command:
        - /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:
        - --ip-masq
        - --kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "50Mi"
        securityContext:
          privileged: false
          capabilities:
            add: ["NET_ADMIN", "NET_RAW"]
        env:
        - name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.name
        - name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:
            fieldRef:
              fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        volumeMounts:
        - name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        - name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      volumes:
      - name: run
        hostPath:
          path: /run/flannel
      - name: cni
        hostPath:
          path: /etc/cni/net.d
      - name: flannel-cfg
        configMap:
          name: kube-flannel-cfg

//测试 pod 资源创建

kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx

kubectl get pods -o wide

//暴露端口提供服务

kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort

kubectl get svc

//测试访问

curl http://node01:32134

//扩展3个副本

kubectl scale deployment nginx --replicas=3
kubectl get pods -o wide

------------------------------ 部署 Dashboard ------------------------------
//在 master01 节点上操作
#上传 recommended.yaml 文件到 /opt/k8s 目录中

cd /opt/k8s
vim recommended.yaml
#默认Dashboard只能集群内部访问，修改Service为NodePort类型，暴露到外部：
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 30001     #添加
  type: NodePort          #添加
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
	
kubectl apply -f recommended.yaml

#创建service account并绑定默认cluster-admin管理员集群角色

kubectl create serviceaccount dashboard-admin -n kube-system
kubectl create clusterrolebinding dashboard-admin --clusterrole=cluster-admin --serviceaccount=kube-system:dashboard-admin
kubectl describe secrets -n kube-system $(kubectl -n kube-system get secret | awk '/dashboard-admin/{print $1}')

#使用输出的token登录Dashboard

https://NodeIP:30001
访问：https://20.0.0.102:30001
如果使用谷歌浏览器或者自带浏览器出现不安全无法打开，请更换火狐浏览器，忽略安全即可完美解决！！

-------------------- 安装Harbor私有仓库 --------------------
//修改主机名

hostnamectl set-hostname hub.xiaoma.com

//所有节点加上主机名映射

echo '20.0.0.104 hub.xiaoma.com' >> /etc/hosts

//安装 docker

yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2 
yum-config-manager --add-repo https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo 
yum install -y docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

mkdir /etc/docker
cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://6ijb8ubo.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "100m"
  },
  "insecure-registries": ["https://hub.xiaoyuan.com"]
}
EOF

systemctl start docker
systemctl enable docker

//所有 node 节点都修改 docker 配置文件，加上私有仓库配置

cat > /etc/docker/daemon.json <
{
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://6ijb8ubo.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
  "log-driver": "json-file",
  "log-opts": {
    "max-size": "100m"
  },
  "insecure-registries": ["https://hub.xiaoma.com"]
}
EOF

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart docker

//安装 Harbor

//上传 harbor-offline-installer-v1.2.2.tgz 和 docker-compose 文件到 /opt 目录
cd /opt
cp docker-compose /usr/local/bin/
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/docker-compose

tar zxvf harbor-offline-installer-v1.2.2.tgz
cd harbor/
vim harbor.cfg
5  hostname = hub.xiaoma.com
9  ui_url_protocol = https
24 ssl_cert = /data/cert/server.crt
25 ssl_cert_key = /data/cert/server.key
59 harbor_admin_password = Harbor12345

//生成证书

mkdir -p /data/cert
cd /data/cert
#生成私钥
openssl genrsa -des3 -out server.key 2048
输入两遍密码：123456

#生成证书签名请求文件

openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr
输入私钥密码：123456
输入国家名：CN
输入省名：NJ
输入市名：NJ
输入组织名：MY
输入机构名：MY
输入域名：hub.xiaoma.com
输入管理员邮箱：[email protected]
其它全部直接回车

#备份私钥

cp server.key server.key.org

#清除私钥密码

openssl rsa -in server.key.org -out server.key
输入私钥密码：123456

#签名证书

签证1000天
openssl x509 -req -days 1000 -in server.csr -signkey server.key -out server.crt
 
chmod +x /data/cert/*

cd /opt/harbor/
./install.sh

在本地使用火狐浏览器访问：

https://hub.my.com
添加例外 -> 确认安全例外
用户名：admin
密码：Harbor12345

//在一个node节点上登录harbor

#注意要做本地映射
echo 20.0.0.104 hub.my.com >> /etc/hosts
docker login -u admin -p Harbor12345 https://hub.xiaoma.com

//上传镜像

#给镜像打标签。在这个命令中，nginx:latest 是要被标记的镜像，hub.xiaoma.com/library/nginx:v1 是新的标签和名称。
docker tag nginx:latest hub.xiaoma.com/library/nginx:v1
#将标记的镜像推送到远程仓库。在这种情况下，它将hub.xiaoma.com/library/nginx:v1镜像推送到远程仓库。
docker push hub.xiaoma.com/library/nginx:v1

//在master节点上删除之前创建的nginx资源

#删除名为"nginx"的部署
kubectl delete deployment nginx

#创建一个名为"nginx-deployment"的新部署，使用镜像"hub.xiaoma.com/library/nginx:v1"。它还指定该部署应该监听端口80，并具有3个副本
kubectl create deployment nginx-deployment --image=hub.xiaoma.com/library/nginx:v1 --port=80 --replicas=3

#创建一个服务来暴露"nginx-deployment"部署，该服务监听端口30000，并将流量转发到部署的pod的端口80。
kubectl expose deployment nginx-deployment --port=30000 --target-port=80

#获取服务（services）和Pods的信息。

kubectl get svc,pods

yum install ipvsadm -y
ipvsadm -Ln

curl 10.96.222.161:30000

kubectl edit svc nginx-deployment
25   type: NodePort						#把调度策略改成NodePort

kubectl get svc
NAME                       TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)           AGE
service/kubernetes         ClusterIP   10.96.0.1               443/TCP           29m
service/nginx-deployment   NodePort    10.96.222.161           30000:32340/TCP   22m

浏览器访问：

20.0.0.101:32340
20.0.0.102:32340
20.0.0.104:32340

#将cluster-admin角色权限授予用户system:anonymous

kubectl create clusterrolebinding cluster-system-anonymous --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=system:anonymous

########### 内核参数优化方案 ##########

cat > /etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf <