1. 前言
线程池是JAVA开发中最常使用的池化技术之一,可以减少线程资源的重复创建与销毁造成的开销。
2. 灵魂拷问:怎么做到线程重复利用?
很多同学会联想到连接池,理所当然的说:需要的时候从池中取出线程,执行完任务再放回去。
如何用代码实现呢?
此时就会发现,调用线程的start方法后,生命周期就不由父线程直接控制了。线程的run方法执行完成就销毁了,所谓的“取出”和“放回”只不过是想当然的操作。
这里先说答案:生产者消费者模型
3. ThreadPoolExecutor的实现
3.1 结构
首先看下ThreadPoolExecutor的继承结构
顶级接口是Executor,定义execute方法
ExecutorService添加了submit方法,支持返回future获取执行结果,以及线程池运行状态的相关方法
本文着重讲线程池的执行流程,因此将暂时忽略线程池的状态相关的代码,也建议新手看源码时从核心流程看起。
3.2 核心方法:execute()public void execute(Runnable command) {if (command == null)throw new NullPointerException();int c = ctl.get();// 判断是否小于核心线程数if (workerCountOf(c)
c = ctl.get();
}// 核心线程数已用完则放入队列if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {int recheck = ctl.get();// 双重检查,避免入队完成后,所有线程已销毁,导致没有消费者消费当前任务if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
reject(command);else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
addWorker(null, false);
}// 队列已满则开启非核心线程,达到最大线程数则使用拒绝策略else if (!addWorker(command, false))
reject(command);
}
execute方法就是一个生产的过程,主要分为开启线程和入队
开启线程会传入command(即当前任务),开启的线程会立即消费该任务
入队的任务则会由Worker消费
主要关注corePoolSize,maximumPoolSize,queueSize(任务队列长度),workerCount(当前worker数量)这几个参数,可以总结为以下:
3.2 消费者:Worker
Worker类实现Runnable接口,继承AQS,主要先关注thread和firstTask两个属性和run方法Worker(Runnable firstTask) {
setState(-1);this.firstTask = firstTask;this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);
}
从Worker的构造方法可以看出,thread就是线程池中真正消费任务的线程,创建时会传入this(即Worker对象),而Worker实现了Runnable,因此线程运行时就是执行了Worker的run方法。final void runWorker(Worker w) {
Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
Runnable task = w.firstTask;
w.firstTask = null;
w.unlock();boolean completedAbruptly = true;try {// 重点关注while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {// ···try {
beforeExecute(wt, task);
Throwable thrown = null;try {// 重点关注 task.run();
} catch (RuntimeException x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Error x) {
thrown = x; throw x;
} catch (Throwable x) {
thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
} finally {
afterExecute(task, thrown);
}
} finally {// 重点关注task = null;// ··· }
}
completedAbruptly = false;
} finally {
processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
}
}
再来看run方法,直接调用了ThreadPoolExecutor的runWorker方法,runWorker中有一个while循环,循环体执行了task.run方法
task首先会获取Worker中的firstTask属性,并将其置为null,因此firstTask只会执行一次,后续task将通过getTask方法获取。
因此Worker的工作流程可以概括为:消费完Worker的firstTask后,循环执行getTask获取任务并消费,获取不到task时,就退出循环,线程销毁。
此处便可以看出生产者消费者模型了。private Runnable getTask() {boolean timedOut = false;for (;;) {int c = ctl.get();// ···int wc = workerCountOf(c);boolean timed = allowCoreThreadTimeOut || wc > corePoolSize;if ((wc > maximumPoolSize || (timed && timedOut))&& (wc > 1 || workQueue.isEmpty())) {if (compareAndDecrementWorkerCount(c))// 此处返回null,runWorker将退出循环return null;continue;
}try {
Runnable r = timed ?workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) :
workQueue.take();if (r != null)return r;
timedOut = true;
} catch (InterruptedException retry) {
timedOut = false;
}
}
}
runWorker方法退出循环的条件是getTask返回null。
观察getTask,只有同时满足以下情况时才会返回null
返回的task是通过workQueue.poll和workQueue.take得到的
两者执行时线程均会挂起,直至workQueue中有新的任务
不同之处在于poll方法阻塞keepAliveTime时间后会自动唤醒并返回null,此时timeOut置为true,即满足条件1private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
retry:for (;;) {int c = ctl.get();// ···for (;;) {int wc = workerCountOf(c);if (wc >= CAPACITY ||wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))return false;if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))break retry;
c = ctl.get();// ··· }
}boolean workerStarted = false;boolean workerAdded = false;
Worker w = null;try {
w = new Worker(firstTask);final Thread t = w.thread;if (t != null) {// ···if (workerAdded) {
t.start();
workerStarted = true;
}
}
} finally {// ··· }return workerStarted;
}
了解了Worker之后,再来看execute中调用的addWorker方法
方法有两个参数,firstTask即为Worker的firstTask,core则标记需要新增的是否是核心线程
retry循环与线程池状态相关,内层for循环则是重复尝试cas增加线程,若大于corePoolSize或者maximumPoolSize则新增失败,cas成功后,new一个Worker并start
3.3 总结
回到最初的问题,线程是如何做到重复利用的?
并不存在取出线程使用完再归还的操作,线程启动后进入循环,主动获取任务执行,退出循环则线程销毁。
execute方法控制新增Worker和任务入队
附:手写简易线程池public class MyThreadPool implements Executor {private int corePoolSize;private int maximumPoolSize;private BlockingQueue queue;//记录当前工作线程数private AtomicInteger count;private long keepAliveTime;private RejectHandler rejectHandler;public MyThreadPool(int corePoolSize, int maximumPoolSize, BlockingQueue queue, long keepAliveTime, RejectHandler rejectHandler) {this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;this.queue = queue;this.keepAliveTime = keepAliveTime;this.rejectHandler = rejectHandler;
count = new AtomicInteger(0);
}
@Overridepublic void execute(Runnable task) {int ct = count.get();//核心线程数未满,尝试增加核心线程if (ct
}//入队if (queue.offer(task)) {return;
}//队列已满,尝试增加非核心线程if (ct
}//已达最大线程数,拒绝 rejectHandler.reject(task);
}class Worker extends Thread {
Runnable firstTask;public Worker(Runnable firstTask) {this.firstTask = firstTask;
}
@Overridepublic void run() {
Runnable task = firstTask;
firstTask = null;while (true) {try {//getTask会阻塞if (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
task.run();
} else {//getTask超时才会进入,直接退出,线程销毁break;
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {//置空,否则不能getTasktask = null;
}
}
}
}
Runnable getTask() throws InterruptedException {//标记是否超时过boolean timedOut = false;while (true) {int ct = count.get();//超出核心线程数才进入超时逻辑,即使timeOut由于线程poll超时过一次变成true,执行到这里如果不超出corePoolSize,可以再次进入take分支if (ct > corePoolSize) {//超出核心线程数if (timedOut) {//已超时过,尝试减少工作线程数,失败会continue,然后重新比较corePoolSize,重试减少线程数if (count.compareAndSet(ct, ct - 1)) {return null;
} else {continue;
}
}
Runnable task = queue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);if (task == null) {//poll超时才进入timedOut = true;continue;
}return task;
} else {//必然能获取到taskreturn queue.take();
}
}
}public static interface RejectHandler {void reject(Runnable r);
}public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThreadPool pool = new MyThreadPool(2, 5, new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(100), 2000, r -> {
System.out.println(r + ": reject");
});for (int i = 0; i {for (int j = 0; j
pool.execute(() -> {try {
Thread.sleep(3000L);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
LocalDateTime now = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(String.format("线程i=%s, j=%s,执行结束: %s", x, y, now.format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_DATE_TIME)));
});
}
}).start();
}
}
}
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