考研英语 —— 语法和长难句 (2021-07-30)

语法与长难句

简单句( 一 )

什么是英语句子

英语句子必须具备主语和谓语并且主语一定是谓语动作的发出者, 如果有宾语的话, 宾语一定是谓语动作的对象或承受者

英语句子的基本结构

  1. 主谓

  2. 主谓宾 (谓语: 实义动词)

  3. 主谓表 (谓语:系动词)

常见系动词
  • be(所有的系动词都能替换 be 动词)

  • 感官动词:look = seem = appear、 smell(n.气味)、 taste(n.喜爱、爱好 has taste for sth )sound(n.声音)、 feel

  • 变化: become 、 get 、 turn 、grow 、fall

  • 保持: keep 、 stay 、 remind 、 stand

  1. 主谓双宾

  2. 主谓宾宾补

  • I bought him a dog. (宾语之间无明显关系)
  • We should keep the room clean and tidy . (宾语补足语是对宾语的补充)
    只要在最后两个宾语之间加一个系动词, 如果意思是对的则为宾补,否则为双宾

简单句( 二)

句子的成分

谓语
谓语的成分

情态动词不能做谓语, 有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语
Your mother must be very beautiful.

谓语只能是动词,动词只能作谓语,一句话只能有一个动词,并且充当谓语所有多余的动词都必须写成非谓语动词(V.ing表主动或进行、 V.ed表被动或完成 、 to do 表目的或将来)

动词能不能多

Laughing at others is my hobby.
I enjoy seeing movies.
My dream is to become a rich lady.

练习:

  • 他穿上外衣,锁上门,离开了家。 He putting on his outer clothing, locking his door, left home.
  • 我是一个老师,我很喜欢唱歌。 Being a teacher, I enjoy singing songs.
  • 我爱你,你爱我。 I loveing you, you love me.
  • 冬天来了,春天就不远了。 Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner…
动词能不能少

一个句子绝对不能缺少动词,当一个句子需要动词而又没有动词的时候,永远都加be动词,并且be动词没有意思

  • Your mother must be very beautiful.
  • I am anginst you.
谓语的总结

一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或者是系动词存在并且充当谓语

主语
主语的成分

名词、代词、非谓语动词和从句(引导词)充当主语。(代词只能替代名词)

Handsomeness and strength are his nature. (Being handsome and strong is his nature.)

主语能不能少

主语绝对不能少。
加主语的方法:

  1. 加 it 做主语,必须与天气、温度和时间有关系。
    e.g. 南极很冷。 —— it is (keeps) cold in the South Pole.

  2. there be 句型there exist/ seem / remain, 当一句话没有主语并且听到 ‘ 有 ’ 的时候使用。
    e.g. 有很多人喜欢我。—— There exist a great deal person loveing me. (There exist a sea of private individuals having passion for me.)

  3. 被动: 当一个句子没有主语的时候或者人称代词做主语的句子都可以考虑写成被动。
    三种情况无被动:

  • 动词后有介词(不及物动词) 无被动

  • 系动词无被动

  • have 被翻译成 “有” 时, 无被动

    e.g. 必须指出英语很重要。 —— The English must be pointed out exceeding indispensable.
    建议政府采取措施。——Authorities should be proposed to adpot action.

  1. 人称代词做主语 最好不用
如何主动变被动

主语和宾语换个位置 动词前面加be动词 动词变成被动形式(通常后面加ed)

如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态.主动语态→被动语态:

  1. 找到该句宾语(必须是在谓语动词后的),将它提到句子开头.
  2. 用被动语态结构be+Vt过去分词构成句子.
  3. 把原句的主语用by构成的介词短语带出,也可不加.
    eg:I finished my homework yesterday.
    →My homework was finished (by me) yesterday.
    特殊形式:
  4. 部分Vi加上适当介词可当作Vt构成被动语态.

eg:Parents look after their children carefully.
→Children were looked after (by parents) carefully.

  1. 联系动词没有被动语态.eg:The water feels warm.

  2. 在主动语态中一些省略to的动词不定式改为被动语态时需加上to.

eg:Teachers often make him stand outside.
→He is often made to stand outside (by teachers).

  1. have、let等动词无被动语态.

必要时,have可改为held,let sb to do sth可改为be allowed to do sth (被允许做某事).

注意:
只有及物动词和不及物动词+介词的动词词组才有被动语态,即把原来主动语态句子中的宾语变成被动语态句子中的主语,动词形式为be+动词过去分词或get+过去分词(口语中使用较多),不同时态的动词形式只要在be上进行就可以了

练习 :
如果有梦想,就应该会成功。
If there exists a dream, glories are supposed to be achieved.

宾语、 表语
宾语的成分

名词、 代词、 非谓语动词和从句充当宾语 (宾语和主语可以通过被动相互转换)
名词、 代词、 非谓语动词、 形容词、 介词短语和从句充当表语

e.g.

  • I am a teacher.
  • I am in Chongqin.
  • I am beautiful.
  • My dream is to become a poet.

简单句(练习)

  1. 这两天心里很不爽。 —— I felt in bad temper recently.
  2. 全球在变暖。 —— It is becoming warm around the globe.
  3. 重庆有很多人口。—— There exist a sea of private individuals in ChongQin.
  4. 如果有毅力,迟早都会成功。—— if there remain perseverance, the glories acheived around the corner.
  5. 有意义就是好好活,好好活就是做有意义的事情。(出自许三多 ) —— The meaningful matter is so much live, living well being to do meaningful matter.
  6. 笑并不意味快乐。—— Laughter is not means delighted.
  7. 妒忌本身就是一种仰望。—— look up to others is a jealousy.
  8. 建议政府采取措施来缓解这个问题。—— authorities should be suggested adopt action so that slowed the trouble.
  9. 毫无疑问,溺爱孩子的问题越来越严重。 —— Beyond all question, It is more and more sever that people spoiled their child.
  10. 保护运动员是应该的。—— The athlete should be protected.
  11. 我弟弟每天上网,花大量时间浏览不同的网页。 ——

并列句(一)

什么是并列句

两句话中加连词。

e.g. I love you but you love that dog.

常见的并列连词

  1. 平行: and, not only… but also…
  2. 转折:but, yet, while, whereas
  3. 选择:or, weather… or …
  4. 因果:for, so
  5. 递进:then (adv.)

逻辑关系词

  1. 平行: similarly, equally, likewise, at the same time
  2. 转折: however, nevertheless, on the contrary
  3. 选择: alternatively (adv.)
  4. 因果: therefore, thus, consequently, as a result
  5. 递进: besize, furthermore, moreover, additionally
    介词后加名词

e.g. 有朋自远方来,不亦说乎。—— There seems a friend coming from Afar, and consequently I feel exceeding delighted.

连词与其他逻辑词的区别在于连词前面有无逗号均可, 而其他的逻辑关系词的前面要么用句号, 要么加连词 and

e.g. 都说我如水百变,其实我清澈不变。 —— I am said to be changeable like water, and on the contrary my clarity keeps the same.

还记得那天吗? 我没有通过四级考试,一个人在雨中哭泣,你走过来,拍拍我的肩膀,告诉我人生没有终点。—— Do you remember that day? and additionally I not pass the band four test, and moreover indivudual cries in the rain, and besize you were came over and patted me on the shoulder, tall me the living not destination.

answer: Do you still keep the day in mind? I failed to pass CET4. As a result, I shed tears in the rain, and at the same

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