qml基础使用教程

1、qml语法

(1)import声明导入指定模块的版本

(2)每个qml文件必须有一个根元素(与HTML一致)

(3)属性使用name:value赋值

(4)只可以使用ID对其进行访问(根元素对象ID设置为id:root)

(5)元素可以嵌套

(6)信号:on+属性+Change

(7)=赋值,只有一次效果,之后销毁

2、属性(properties)

(1)基础元素对象(item element):

group(分组) properties(属性)
geometry(几何) x、y、width、height、z(堆叠次序)定义元素之间的重叠顺序
layouthandling(布局操作) anchors、left、right、top、bottom、verticalcenter、horizontalcenter、margins(元素间距)
key handliking(按键操作) 附加属性key(按键)和keyNavigation(按键定位)、输入焦点(focus)后可使用
transformation(转换) 缩放(scale)、rotate(旋转),通用的x,y,z属性列表转换(transform),旋转基点设置(transformOrigin)
visual(可视化) opacity(控制透明度)、visible(是否可见)、clip(裁剪控制边界)smooth(平滑,提高渲染质量)
state definition(状态定义) states(状态列表属性,提供元素当前所支持的状态列表,当前属性的改变可以使用transitions(转变)属性列表来定义状态转变动画)

添加自定义属性:

​ property int name:value

​ property alias name:value

3、基本元素

​ 可视化元素 --item(基础元素对象),

(1)rectangle(矩形)设置渐变色

注意:矩形框必须要有宽高,否者不可见
Rectangle { 
    id: rect1 
    x: 12; y: 12 
    width: 176; height: 96 、
    gradient: Gradient { 
        GradientStop { position: 0.0; color: "lightsteelblue" } 
        GradientStop { position: 1.0; color: "slategray" } 
    }
    border.color: "slategray" 
}

(2)文本元素(text element)

注:文本对齐---horizontalAlignment与verticalAlignment属性、anchors(锚)
    渲染效果---style和styleColor配置文字的外框效果、浮雕或凹陷
    文本元素初始宽高由字体决定默认为0
Text {
    text: "The quick brown fox" 
    color: "#303030" 
    font.family: "Ubuntu" 
    font.pixelSize: 28 
    
    //当文本过长是使用省略号表示(a.....b),或使用elide属性,该属性允许设置文本左边、右边或中间的省略位置。当不想要省略号时使用wrapMode属性(前提设置好宽高)
    width: 40; height: 120 
    text: 'A very long text' 
    // '...' shall appear in the middle 
    elide: Text.ElideMiddle // red sunken text styling 
    style: Text.Sunken 
    styleColor: '#FF4444' // align text to the top 
    verticalAlignment: Text.AlignTop 
    // only sensible when no elide mode 
    // wrapMode: Text.WordWrap
}

(3)图像元素(image element)

注:source属性---加载图片资源
	fillMode属性---控制元素对象的大小
	PreserveAspectCrop---//图像元素使用preserveaspectCrop可以避免裁剪图像数据被渲染到图像边界外,默认裁剪是被禁用的
	QQMLImageProvider---可以通过c++代码创建自己的图像提供器,允许动态创建图像并且使用线程加载
Image { 
    x: 112; y: 12 
    width: 48 height: 118/2 
    source: "assets/rocket.png" 
    fillMode: Image.PreserveAspectCrop 
    clip: true //打开裁剪
}

(4)鼠标区域元素(mousearea element)

注:输入处理与可视化显示分开,会使交互区域可以比显示的区域大很多
Rectangle { 
    id: rect1
    x: 12; y: 12 
    width: 76; height: 96 
    color: "lightsteelblue" 
    MouseArea { 
        id: area 
        width: parent.width 
        height: parent.height 
        onClicked: rect2.visible = !rect2.visible 
    } 
}
Rectangle { 
    id: rect2 
    x: 112; y: 12 
    width: 76; height: 96 
    border.color: "lightsteelblue" 
    border.width: 4 
    radius: 8 }

(5)组件(compontents)

注:一个组件可以是一个重复使用的元素
	一个文件就是一个基础组件
自定义一个button.qml组件
Item {
    id: root
    width: 116
    height: 26
    property alias text: label.text
    signal anyname
    Rectangle{
        color: "lightsteelblue"
        border.color: "slategrey"
        anchors.fill: parent

        MouseArea{
            anchors.fill: parent
            onClicked: {
                root.anyname()
                //label.text = "asd"
            }
        }
        Text {
            id: label
            text: qsTr("start111")
            anchors.centerIn: parent
        }
    }
}

外部调用该文件
Window {
    visible: true
    width: 640
    height: 480
    title: qsTr("Hello World")

    Button{
        id:button
        x:12
        y:12
        text: "start"
        onAnyname: {
            status.text = "button clicked"
        }
    }
    Text {
        id: status
        text: qsTr("waiting...")
        x:12
        y:76
        width: 116
        height: 26
        horizontalAlignment: Text.AlignHCenter
    }
}

(6)简单转换(simple transformations)

注:文档中元素的顺序很重要,后加入的会覆盖之前的

1、自定义一个qml文件,其中包含鼠标点击区域的图片
ClickableImage.qml
Image{
	id:root
	signal clicked//自定义一个输出信号属性(名字任意)
    mouseArea{
    	anchors.fill:parent
    	onClicked:root.clicked()
    }
}
2、将多个类似的转换操作写入同一个qml
transformation.qml	--直接调用该文件即可
Item {
    width: bg.width
    height: bg.height

        Image {
        id: bg
        source: "qrc:/Image/Frame.jpg"
    }
    MouseArea{
        id:backgroundClicker
        anchors.fill: parent
        onClicked: {
        rocket1.x = 20
        rocket2.rotation = 0
        rocket3.rotation = 0
        rocket3.scale = 1.0
        }
    }
    //包含鼠标区域的图像元素
    ClickableImage	{//图片1点击右移
        id:	rocket1
        x:20;
        y:100
        source:	"qrc:/Image/butterfly.png"
        onClicked:{
            x+=	5
        }
    }
    ClickableImage	{//点击旋转
        id:	rocket2
        x:200;
        y:100
        source:	"qrc:/Image/down.png"
        smooth: true
        onClicked:{
            rotation +=	5
        }
    }
    ClickableImage	{//旋转加缩放
        id:	rocket3
        x:400;
        y:100
        source:	"qrc:/Image/up.png"
        smooth: true
        onClicked:{
            rotation +=	5
            scale -= 0.05
        }
    }

}

7、定位元素(positioning element)

定位器:

row

column

Grid(栅格):设置行列排列在栅格中,未设置行列自动计算

flow(流):必须指定宽或高,可以同属性直接设定,也可以使用anchors布局

layoutDirection(布局方向):控制子元素的加入顺序

spacing:控制元素间隔

repeater(重复元素):与定位器一起使用,类似for循环与迭代器模式

DarkSquare{
    id:root
    width: 252
    height: 252
    property variant colorArray: ["#00bde3","#67c111","ea7025"]

    Grid{
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 8
        spacing: 4
        Repeater{
            model: 16
            Rectangle{
                width: 56
                height: 56
                //JS数学函数 生成随机数0~2
                property int colorIndex: Math.floor(Math.random()*3)
                color:root.colorArray[colorIndex]
                border.color: Qt.lighter(color)
                Text {
                    text: qsTr("cell")+index
                    anchors.centerIn: parent
                    color: "#f0f0f0"
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

8、布局元素(layout items)

(1)元素填充它的父元素

注:
GreenSquare { 
    BlueSquare { 
        width: 12 
        anchors.fill: parent 							//填充
        anchors.left: parent.left						//元素左对齐父类左边
        anchors.left: parent.right 						//元素左边对齐父类右边
        anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter //水平对齐
        anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCenter	  //垂直对齐
        anchors.centerIn: parent						//父类的中心对齐
        anchors.top: parent.bottom						//元素上边对齐父类下边
        anchors.horizontalCenterOffset: -12 			 //左偏移12个像素
        anchors.margins: 8 							    //边界距离
        text: '(1)' 
    }
}
实现矩形框的拖动
---Rectangle.qml
Rectangle{
    width: 12
    height: 12
    color: "#ea7025"
    //使用Qt.lighter(color)指定基于填充色的边界高亮色
    border.color: Qt.lighter(color)

    Drag.active: dragArea.drag.active//需要绑定到mouseArea.drg.active
    Drag.hotSpot.x: 10
    Drag.hotSpot.y: 10

    MouseArea {
        id: dragArea
        anchors.fill: parent

        drag.target: parent
    }
}
main.qml
    DropArea{
        x:75
        y:75
        width: 100
        height: 100
        Rectangle{
            anchors.fill: parent
            visible: parent.containsDrag//为true是显示
        }
    }

    RedSquare{
        width: 30
        Text {
            id: name1
            text: qsTr("text123")
        }
    }

9、输入元素(input element)

(1)文本输入

​ --允许用户输入一行文本,支持使用正则表达式和输入掩码的模式设置

Rectangle{
    width: 200
    height: textdata.height + 8
    color: "linen"
    border.color: "black"

    property alias text: input1.text
    property alias inputdata: input1

    TextInput{
        id:input1
        width: 96
        focus: true
        color: "black"
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 4
        anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCenter
        Text {
            id: textdata
            text: qsTr("")
        }
    }
}

焦点区域(foucesscope):按下tab键可以在两个组件之间切换焦点

(2)文本编辑(TXT样式) – 多行

Rectangle{
    id:frame
    width: 300
    height: 200
    color: "#f0f0f0"
    border.color: "red"
    Flickable
        {
            id: flick
            anchors.fill:parent
            width: 300; height: 200;
            contentWidth: edit.paintedWidth
            contentHeight: edit.paintedHeight
            clip: true
            visible: true
            function ensureVisible(r)
                   {
                       if (contentX >= r.x)
                           contentX = r.x;
                       else if (contentX+width <= r.x+r.width)
                           contentX = r.x+r.width-width;
                       if (contentY >= r.y)
                           contentY = r.y;
                       else if (contentY+height <= r.y+r.height)
                           contentY = r.y+r.height-height;
                   }
            TextEdit
            {
                id: edit
                text:"aaaa"
                width: flick.width
                height: edit.paintedHeight
                focus:  true
                wrapMode: TextEdit.Wrap
                selectByMouse: true
                onCursorRectangleChanged: flick.ensureVisible(cursorRectangle)
            }
        }

    Rectangle
        {
            id: scrollbar
            visible: true
            anchors.right: flick.right
            x: 350
            y: 0
            width: 10
            height: flick.height
            color: "white"
            Rectangle {
            id: button
            x: 0
            y: flick.visibleArea.yPosition * scrollbar.height
            width: 10
            height: flick.visibleArea.heightRatio * scrollbar.height;
            color: "grey"
            // 鼠标区域
            MouseArea {
            id: mouseArea
            anchors.fill: button
            drag.target: button
            drag.axis: Drag.YAxis
            drag.minimumY: 0
            drag.maximumY: scrollbar.height - button.height// 拖动
            onMouseYChanged: {
                  flick.contentY = button.y / scrollbar.height * flick.contentHeight
            }
        }
    }
 }
}

10、按键元素(key element)

DarkSquare {
	width: 400; height: 200
	GreenSquare {
		id: square
		x: 8; y: 8
	}
	focus: true
	Keys.onLeftPressed: square.x -= 8
	Keys.onRightPressed: square.x += 8
	Keys.onUpPressed: square.y -= 8
	Keys.onDownPressed: square.y += 8
	Keys.onPressed: {
		switch(event.key) {
		case Qt.Key_Plus:
		square.scale += 0.2
		break;
		case Qt.Key_Minus:
		square.scale -= 0.2
		break;
		}
	}
}

11、动态元素(fluid elements)

(1)动画(animations)

动画控制了属性的改变,每个元素都有大量属性

//平移和旋转图片   
Image {
        id: image1
        source: "qrc:/Images/Frame.jpg"
        Image {
            id: image2
            source: "qrc:/Images/Sunny.jpg"
            NumberAnimation on x {
                to:240
                duration: 4000
                loops: Animation.Infinite
            }
            RotationAnimation on rotation {
                to:360
                duration: 4000
                loops: Animation.Infinite
            }
        }
    }

(2)动画元素(animation elements)

基本动画:

​ PropertyAnimation(属性动画)- 使用属性值改变播放的动画
NumberAnimation(数字动画)- 使用数字改变播放的动画
ColorAnimation(颜色动画)- 使用颜色改变播放的动画
RotationAnimation(旋转动画)- 使用旋转改变播放的动画

特殊动画:

​ PauseAnimation(停止动画)- 运行暂停一个动画
SequentialAnimation(顺序动画)- 允许动画有序播放
ParallelAnimation(并行动画)- 允许动画同时播放
AnchorAnimation(锚定动画)- 使用锚定改变播放的动画
ParentAnimation(父元素动画)- 使用父对象改变播放的动画
SmotthedAnimation(平滑动画)- 跟踪一个平滑值播放的动画
SpringAnimation(弹簧动画)- 跟踪一个弹簧变换的值播放的动画
PathAnimation(路径动画)- 跟踪一个元素对象的路径的动画
Vector3dAnimation(3D容器动画)- 使用QVector3d值改变播放的动画

复杂动画:在播放一个动画时,改变某个属性或运行一个脚本

​ PropertyAction(属性动作)- 在播放动画时改变属性
ScriptAction(脚本动作)- 在播放动画时运行脚本

(3)应用动画

—属性动画 在元素完整加载后自动运行

—属性动作 当属性值改变时自动运行

—独立运行动画 使用start()函数明确指定运行 或 running属性被设置为true(比如通过属性绑定)

注:父几何对象依赖子几何对象,所以不能对父对象设置宽高等属性,会破坏子对象内的属性配置
ClickableImage.qml
//封装组件,将图片和文字组合在一起
Item {
    id:root
    width: container.width
    height: container.height

    property alias text: label.text
    property alias source: image.source
    signal clicked

    Column{
        id:container
        Image {
            id: image
            //source: "qrc:/Images/mario.gif"//默认不加载任何数据,调用时写
        }
        Text {
            id: label
            //text:"aaa"
            width: image.width
            horizontalAlignment: Text.AlignHCenter
            wrapMode: Text.Wrap
            color: "red"
        }
    }
    MouseArea{
        anchors.fill: parent
        onClicked: root.clicked()
    }
}

main.qml
import QtQuick 2.6
import QtQuick.Window 2.2

Window {
    visible: true
    width: 640
    height: 480
    title: qsTr("Hello World")

//方式一   普通
    ClickableImageV1{
        id:rocket1
        x:40
        y:200
        source: "qrc:/Images/sunny.png"
        text: "sunny"
        NumberAnimation on y{
            to:40
            duration: 4000
        }
    }

//方式二   行为策略动画,时刻在变化
    ClickableImageV1{
        id:rocket2
        x:152
        y:200
        source: "qrc:/Images/Luffy.png"
        text: "luffy"
        Behavior on y{
            NumberAnimation {
                duration: 4000
            }
        }
        onClicked: y = 40+Math.random()*(205-40)
    }

//方式三   独立动画策略,手动设置开始暂停,与书写位置无关
    ClickableImageV1{
        id:rocket3
        x:265
        y:200
        source: "qrc:/Images/butterfly.png"

        text: "butterfly"

        //数字动画
        NumberAnimation{
            id:anim
            target: rocket3//选择哪个几何
            properties: "y"//选择方向
            from: 205
            to:40
            duration: 4000
        }

        onClicked: anim.start()
    }

//方式四   使用running属性
    ClickableImageV1{
        id:rocket4
        x:350
        y:200
        source: "qrc:/Images/LuffyQ.png"
        text: "luffyQ"

        NumberAnimation{
            id:anim2
            target: rocket4
            properties: "y"
            from: 300
            to:30
            duration: 4000

            running: area.pressed//当鼠标一直 点击时移动
        }
        MouseArea{
            id:area
            anchors.fill: parent
        }
    }

}

4)缓冲曲线(easing curves)

没看懂,待续!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5)动画分组(grouped animations)

//平行动画	-ParallerAnimation
ParallerAnimationV1.qml

Rectangle{
    id:root
    width: 300
    height: 200
    color: "green"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    property int duration: 1000

    ClickableImageV1{
        id:rocket
        x:20
        y:120
        source: "qrc:/Images/Luffy.png"
        text: "luffy"
        onClicked: anim.restart()
    }
    ParallelAnimation{//类似容器存贮各种动画元素
        //向右上角滑动
        id:anim
        NumberAnimation{
            target: rocket
            properties: "y"
            to:20
            duration: root.duration
        }
        NumberAnimation{
            target: rocket
            properties: "x"
            to:150
            duration: root.duration
        }
    }
}

//连续动画	-sequentialanimation.qml
SequentialAnimationV1.qml

Rectangle{
    id:root
    width: 300
    height: 200
    color: "green"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    property int duration: 1000

    ClickableImageV1{
        id:rocket
        x:20
        y:120
        source: "qrc:/Images/Luffy.png"
        text: "luffy"
        onClicked: anim.restart()
    }
    //先向上运动20,再向右运动160
    SequentialAnimation{//类似容器存贮各种动画元素
        id:anim
        NumberAnimation{
            target: rocket
            properties: "y"
            to:20
            duration: root.duration * 0.6
        }
        NumberAnimation{
            target: rocket
            properties: "x"
            to:160
            duration: root.duration * 0.4
        }
    }
}

//例子
ExampleAnimation.qml
Item {
    id:root
    width: 480
    height: 300
    property int duration: 3000
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    //添加背景
    Rectangle{
        id:sky
        width: parent.width
        height: 200
        gradient: Gradient{
            GradientStop{
                position: 0.0; color:"#0080ff"
            }
            GradientStop{
                position: 1.0; color:"#66ccff"
            }
        }
    }
    Rectangle{
        id:ground
        width: parent.width
        anchors.top: sky.bottom
        anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
        gradient: Gradient{
            GradientStop{
                position: 0.0;color: "#00ff00"
            }
            GradientStop{
                position: 1.0;color: "#00803f"
            }
        }
    }
    //添加运动的元素
    Image {
        id: ball
        x:-20
        y:190
        source: "qrc:/Images/butterfly.png"
        scale: 0.3
        MouseArea{
            anchors.fill: parent
            onClicked: {
                ball.x = -20
                ball.y = 190
                ball.rotation = 0
                anim.restart()
            }
        }
    }

    //动画操作
    ParallelAnimation{
        id:anim
        //连续动画
        SequentialAnimation{
            NumberAnimation{
                target: ball
                properties: "y"
                to:20
                duration: root.duration * 0.4
                easing.type: Easing.OutCirc
            }
            NumberAnimation{
                target: ball
                properties: "y"
                to:240
                duration: root.duration * 0.6
                easing.type: Easing.OutBounce
            }
        }

        //X轴运动
        NumberAnimation{
            target: ball
            properties: "x"
            to:400
            duration: root.duration
        }

        //旋转动作
        RotationAnimation{
            target: ball
            properties: "rotation"
            to:720
            duration: root.duration * 1.1
        }
    }
}

(2)状态与过渡(states and transitions)

1)状态(states)

​ -需要与基础元素(item)的states序列属性连接,默认状态在初始化元素属性时定义,命名为“”

方式一:状态改变由分配一个元素新的状态属性名来完成
Item {
	id: root
	states: [
		State {
			name: "go"
			PropertyChanges { ... }
		},
		State {
			name: "stop"
			PropertyChanges { ... }
		}
	]
}
方式二:使用状态的when属性,when属性能够被设置为一个表达式的结果,为true是状态被使用
Item {
	id: root
	states: [
		...
	]
	Button {
		id: goButton
		...
		onClicked: root.state = "go"
	}
}

例:点击变换红绿灯

Rectangle{//外边框
        id: outline
        width:150
        height:250
        color: "yellow"

        Rectangle {
            id: light1
            x: 25; y: 15
            width: 100; height: width
            radius: width/2
            color: "black"
        }
        Rectangle {
            id: light2
            x: 25; y: 135
            width: 100; height: width
            radius: width/2
            color: "black"
        }
        state: "stop"

        states: [
            State {
                name: "stop"
                PropertyChanges {
                    target: light1
                    color:"red"
                }
            },
            State {
                name: "go"
                PropertyChanges {
                    target: light2
                    color:"green"
                }
            }
        ]
        //绑定鼠标
        MouseArea{
            anchors.fill: parent
            onClicked: parent.state = (parent.state === "stop"? "go" : "stop")
        }
    }

2)过渡

transitions: [//过渡,实现红到绿渐变
       Transition {
            from: "stop"; to: "go"
            ColorAnimation { target: light1; properties: "color"; duration: 2000 }
            ColorAnimation { target: light2; properties: "color"; duration: 2000 }
            }
 ]

12、模型-视图-代理(model-view-delegate)

(1)基础模型(Basic Model)

概念:保证数据和可视化的分离

//简单使用
    Column{
        spacing: 2

        //中继器
        Repeater{
            //model: 10
            model: ["a","b","c","d"]
            Rectangle{
                width: 100
                height: 20
                radius: 3
                color: "lightBlue"

                Text {
                    anchors.centerIn: parent
                    text: index + ":" + modelData
                }
            }
        }
    }

//链表元素
    Column{
        spacing: 2

        Repeater{
            model: ListModel{
                ListElement{name:"a"; surfaceColor:"gray"}
                ListElement{name:"b"; surfaceColor:"yellow"}
                ListElement{name:"c"; surfaceColor:"blue"}
                ListElement{name:"d"; surfaceColor:"orange"}
            }

            Rectangle{
                width: 100
                height: 20
                radius: 3
                color: "lightBlue"

                Text {
                    anchors.centerIn: parent
                    text: name
                }
                Rectangle{
                    anchors.left: parent.left
                    anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCenter
                    anchors.leftMargin: 2

                    width: 16
                    height: 16
                    radius: 8
                    border.color: "black"
                    border.width: 1
                    color: surfaceColor
                }
            }
        }
    }

(2)动态视图(Dynamic VIews)

1)链表视图

Rectangle {
   width: 80
   height: 300
   color: "#f0f0f0"

   ListView{//滚动区域,默认有延伸效果
       anchors.fill: parent
       anchors.margins: 20
       clip: true
       model: 100
       //设置方向
       orientation: ListView.Horizontal//滚动方向
       layoutDirection: Qt.RightToLeft//数据排列方向
           
       delegate: numberDelegate
       spacing: 5
       //boundsBehavior: Flickable.StopAtBounds//禁止拖动到头后的延伸效果
       //snapMode: ListView.SnapToItem//露出完整元素
       //snapMode: ListView.SnapOneItem//鼠标松开后停止移动
   }

   Component{
       id:numberDelegate
       Rectangle{
           width: 40
           height: 40
           color: "lightGreen"

           Text {
               id: name
               anchors.centerIn: parent
               font.pixelSize: 10
               text: index
           }
       }
   }
}

2)按键和高亮

Rectangle {
    width: 240
    height: 300
    color: "#f0f0f0"

    ListView{
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 20
        clip: true
        model: 100
        delegate: numberDelegate
        spacing: 5

        //高亮和键盘
        highlight: hightlightComponent
        focus: true
    }

    Component{
        id:hightlightComponent
        //效果一
//        Rectangle{
//            width: ListView.view.width
//            color: "lightGreen"
//        }
        //效果二 淡入淡出
        Item {
            width: ListView.view.width
            height: ListView.view.currentItem.height
            y:ListView.view.currentItem.y

            Behavior on y{
                SequentialAnimation{
                    PropertyAnimation { target: highlightRectangle; property: "opacity"; to: 0; duration: 200 }
                    NumberAnimation { duration: 1 }
                    PropertyAnimation { target: highlightRectangle; property: "opacity"; to: 1; duration: 200 }
                }
            }
            Rectangle{
                id:highlightRectangle
                anchors.fill: parent
                color: "lightGreen"
            }
        }
    }
    Component{
        id:numberDelegate
        Item {
            width: 40
            height: 40
            Text {
                anchors.centerIn: parent
                font.pixelSize: 10
                text: index
            }
        }
    }
}

3)页眉和页脚

—页眉页脚代理元素不遵循链表视图的间隔(spacing)属性,手动设置位置

Rectangle {
    width: 80
    height: 300
    color: "white"

    ListView{
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 20
        clip: true
        model: 40
        spacing: 5

        delegate: numberDelegate
        header: headerComponent
        footer: footerComponent
    }
    Component{
        id:headerComponent

        Rectangle{
            width: 40
            height: 20
            color: "yellow"
        }
    }
    Component{
        id:footerComponent

        Rectangle{
            width: 40
            height: 20
            color: "red"
        }
    }
    Component{
        id:numberDelegate

        Rectangle{
            width: 40
            height: 40
            color: "lightGreen"

            Text {
                anchors.centerIn: parent
                font.pixelSize: 10
                text: index
            }
        }
    }
}

4)网格视图(The GridView)

Rectangle {
    width: 240
    height: 300
    color: "white"

    GridView{
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 20
        clip:true
        model: 100
        //二维元素,不依赖元素间隔和大小,需设置单元宽高
        cellWidth: 45
        cellHeight: 45

        //方向
        //flow: GridView.LeftToRight
        //flow:GridView.TopToBottom

        delegate: numberDelegate
    }
    Component{
        id:numberDelegate

        Rectangle{
            width: 40
            height: 40
            color: "lightGreen"

            Text {
                anchors.centerIn: parent
                font.pixelSize: 10
                text: index
            }
        }
    }
}

(3)代理(Delegate)

1)动画添加和移出元素(Animation Added and Removed Irems)

Rectangle {
    width: 480
    height: 300
    color: "#f0f0f0"
//显示列表
    ListModel{
        id:theModel

        ListElement{number:0}
        ListElement{number:1}
        ListElement{number:2}
        ListElement{number:3}
        ListElement{number:4}
        ListElement{number:5}
        ListElement{number:6}
        ListElement{number:7}
        ListElement{number:8}
        ListElement{number:9}
    }
    //点击按钮
    Rectangle{
        anchors.left: parent.left
        anchors.right: parent.right
        anchors.bottom: parent.bottom
        anchors.margins: 20

        property int count: 9

        height: 40
        color: "darkGreen"

        Text {
            anchors.centerIn: parent
            text: "add item!"
        }

        MouseArea{
            anchors.fill:parent
            onClicked: {
                theModel.append({"number":++parent.count})
            }
        }
    }
    //布局
    GridView{
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 20
        anchors.bottomMargin: 80
        clip: true

        model: theModel
        cellWidth: 45
        cellHeight: 45
        delegate: numberDelegate
    }
    Component{
        id:numberDelegate

        Rectangle{
            id:wrapper
            width: 40
            height: 40
            color: "lightGreen"

            Text {
               anchors.centerIn: parent
               font.pixelSize: 10
               text: number
            }
            MouseArea{
                anchors.fill: parent
                onClicked: {
                    if(!wrapper.GridView.delayRemove)
                        theModel.remove(index)
                }
            }
            //特效
            GridView.onRemove:SequentialAnimation{
                PropertyAction { target: wrapper; property: "GridView.delayRemove"; value: true }
                NumberAnimation { target: wrapper; property: "scale"; to: 0; duration: 250; easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad }
                PropertyAction { target: wrapper; property: "GridView.delayRemove"; value: false }
            }
            GridView.onAdd: SequentialAnimation {
                NumberAnimation { target: wrapper; property: "scale"; from: 0; to: 1; duration: 250; easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad }
            }
        }
    }
}

2)形变的代理(Shape-Shifting Delegates)

//实现展开下拉框功能
Item {
    width: 300
    height: 300

    ListView{
        id:listView
        anchors.fill: parent

        delegate:detailsDelegate//视图
        model:planets//模型
    }

    //数据
    ListModel{
        id:planets

        ListElement{name:"butterfly";imageSource:"qrc:/Images/butterfly.png";facts:"hello"}
        ListElement{name:"down";imageSource:"qrc:/Images/down.png";facts:"world"}
        ListElement{name:"Luffy";imageSource:"qrc:/Images/Luffy.png";facts:"aaaaa"}
        ListElement{name:"OnePiece";imageSource:"qrc:/Images/OnePiece.png";facts:"d"}
        ListElement{name:"Sunny";imageSource:"qrc:/Images/Sunny.jpg";facts:"e"}
    }
    //显示
    Component{
        id:detailsDelegate

        Rectangle {//整个背景框
            id: wrapper
            width: listView.width
            height: 30
            color: "green"
            state:""

            Rectangle{//每个元素的框
//                anchors.left: parent.left
//                anchors.right: parent.right
//                anchors.top: parent.top
                anchors.fill: parent
                anchors.margins: 1
                height: 30
                color:"#99F5D6"

                Text {//标题
                    anchors.left: parent.left
                    anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCenter
                    font.pixelSize: 15
                    text: name
                }
            }

            Rectangle{//右侧图标
                id:image
                color: "#F5D899"
                width: 26
                height: 26
                anchors.right: parent.right
                anchors.top: parent.top
                anchors.rightMargin: 2
                anchors.topMargin: 2

                Image {
                    anchors.fill: parent
                    fillMode: Image.PreserveAspectFit
                    source: imageSource
                }
            }

            MouseArea{//点击上边框设置显示隐藏下拉框内数据
                anchors.fill: parent
                onClicked: {
                    //parent.state = "expanded"
                    parent.state = ((parent.state === "expanded") ? "" : "expanded")
                }
            }

            Item {//下拉框内显示的内容
                id: factsView
                anchors.top: image.bottom
                anchors.left: parent.left
                anchors.right: parent.right
                anchors.bottom: parent.bottom

                opacity: 0

                Rectangle{
                    anchors.fill: parent
                    color: "#cccccc"

                    Text {
                        anchors.fill: parent
                        anchors.margins: 5
                        clip: true
                        font.pixelSize: 12
                        text: facts
                    }
                }
            }

            Rectangle{//右侧按钮点击效果
                id:closeButton
                anchors.right: parent.right
                anchors.top: parent.top
                anchors.rightMargin: 2
                anchors.topMargin: 2

                width: 26
                height: 26
                color: "red"
                opacity: 0

                MouseArea{
                    anchors.fill: parent
                    onClicked: {wrapper.state = ""}
                }
            }

            states: [//点击标题后改变效果
                State {
                    name: "expanded"
                    PropertyChanges	{	target:	wrapper; height: listView.height}
                    PropertyChanges	{	target:	image;	width: listView.width}
                    PropertyChanges	{	target:	factsView; opacity: 1}
                    PropertyChanges	{	target:	closeButton; opacity: 1}
                    PropertyChanges	{	target:	wrapper.ListView.view }
                }
            ]

            transitions: [//特效过渡
                Transition {
                    NumberAnimation{
                        duration: 200
                        properties:	"height,width,anchors.rightMargin,anchor"
                    }
                }
            ]
        }
    }
}

(4)高级用法(Advanced Techniques)

1)路径视图(The PathView) —没看懂!!!

Item {
    id:root
    width: 300
    height: 300

    PathView{
        anchors.fill: parent

        delegate:flipCardDelegate
        model: 100

        path: Path{//设置pathview内代理的滚动路径
            startX: root.width / 2
            startY: 0

            PathAttribute{name:"itemZ";	value:0}//Z-value深度值
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemAngle";value:-90.0;}//旋转
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemScale";value:0.5}//缩放
            PathLine{x:	root.width/2;y:	root.height*0.4;}
            PathPercent	{value:	0.48;}//确保中间元素居中,并给其他元素提供空间
            PathLine{x:	root.width/2;y:	root.height*0.5;}
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemAngle";value:	0.0;}
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemScale";value:	1.0;}
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemZ";value:	100	}
            PathLine{x:	root.width/2;y:	root.height*0.6;}
            PathPercent{value:	0.52;}
            PathLine{x:	root.width/2;y:root.height;}
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemAngle";value:90.0;}
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemScale";value:0.5;}
            PathAttribute{name:	"itemZ";value:0}
        }
        pathItemCount: 16//显示 浓密度
        preferredHighlightBegin:0.5
        preferredHighlightEnd:	0.5
    }
    Component{
        id:flipCardDelegate

        Item {
            id: wrapper
            width: 64
            height: 64
            visible: PathView.onPath
            scale: PathView.itemScale
            z:PathView.itemZ

            property variant rotX: PathView.itemAngle
            transform:	Rotation{axis{x:1;y:0;z:0} angle:wrapper.r}

            Rectangle{
                anchors.fill: parent
                color: "lightGreen"
                border.color: "black"
                border.width: 3
            }

            Text {
                anchors.centerIn: parent
                font.pixelSize: 30
                text: index
            }
        }
    }
}

2)XML模型 —没看懂!!!

3)链表分段(List with Sections)

//根据需求将相同属性划分在一起,区分类别
//seciton.property和section.criteria必须安装
//seciton.property(定义哪些属性用于内容划分)
//section.criteria(属性ViewSection.FullString(默认)有清晰的分段,属性ViewSection.FirstCharacter以首字母划分)
Rectangle {
    width: 300
    height: 200
    color: "#f0f0f0"

    ListView{
        anchors.fill: parent
        anchors.margins: 20
        clip: true

        model: spaceMen
        delegate: spaceMangDelegate
        section.property: "nation"//定义哪些属性划分,确保同一属性放在一起
        section.delegate: sectionDelegate//给段指定代理组件
    }

    Component{//二级标题显示
        id:spaceMangDelegate

        Item {
            width: 260
            height: 20

            Text {
                anchors.left: parent.left
                anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCenter
                anchors.leftMargin: 10
                font.pixelSize: 12
                text: name
            }
        }
    }

    Component{
        id:sectionDelegate

        Rectangle{
            width: 260
            height: 20
            color: "lightGray"

            Text {
                anchors.centerIn: parent
                anchors.verticalCenter: parent.verticalCenter
                anchors.leftMargin: 10
                font.pixelSize: 12
                font.bold: true
                text: section
            }
        }
    }

    ListModel	{
        id:	spaceMen
        ListElement	{name:"Abdul	Ahad	Mohmand";	nation:	"Afganistan";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Marcos	Pontes";	nation:	"Brazil";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Alexandar	Panayotov	Alexandrov";	nation:	"Bulga"	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Georgi	Ivanov";	nation:	"Bulgaria";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Roberta	Bondar";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Marc	Garneau";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Chris	Hadfield";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Guy	Laliberte";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Steven	MacLean";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Julie	Payette";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Robert	Thirsk";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Bjarni	Tryggvason";	nation:	"Canada";	}
        ListElement	{	name:	"Dafydd	Williams";	nation:	"Canada";	}
    }
}

4)性能协调(Tunning Performance)

​ 一个模型视图的性能很大程度上依赖于代理的创建,如滚动条,使用cachebuffer属性优化。创建更多的代理也会牺牲流畅度,尽量减少代理中的JavaScript数量,使用动态加载元素

​ 对于静态模型,一个Repeater可以被用作视图。它可以非常方便的使用行 (Row),列(Column),栅格(Grid),或者流(Flow)来创建用户界面

​ 对于动态或者大的数据模型,使用ListView或者GridView更加适合。它们会在需要时 动态的创建代理,减少在场景下一次显示的元素的数量

13、画布元素(Canvas Element)

(1)demo

import QtQuick 2.6
import QtQuick.Window 2.2
import QtQuick.Controls 1.4

Window {
    visible: true
    width: 640
    height: 480
    title: qsTr("Hello World")
//矩形
    Canvas{
        id:root
        width: 200
        height: 200
/*
        onPaint: {
            var ctx = getContext("2d")//创建2D对象

            ctx.lineWidth = 4
            ctx.stroKeStyle = "blue"
            ctx.fillStyle = "steelblue"
            ctx.beginPath()//开始一个新的路径使用moveto设置起点
            ctx.moveTo(50,50)//起始点
            ctx.lineTo(150,50)//画线
            ctx.lineTo(150,150)
            ctx.lineTo(50,150)
            ctx.closePath()//关闭路径
            //调用fill或stroke函数才会创建路径
            ctx.fill()//填充
            ctx.stroke//使用样式
        }
 */
        //直线
        onPaint: {
            var ctx = getContext("2d")
            ctx.strokeStyle = "red"
            ctx.beginPath()
            ctx.moveTo(50,50)
            ctx.lineTo(150,150)
            ctx.closePath()
            ctx.stroke()
        }
    }
}

(2)便捷的接口(Convenient API)

//绘制矩形,不需要调用stroke 或fill
Canvas {
    id:root
    width: 120
    height: 120

    onPaint: {
        var ctx = getContext("2d")
        ctx.fillStyle = "green"
        ctx.strokeStyle = "blue"
        ctx.lineWidth = 4

        ctx.fillRect(20,20,80,80)
        ctx.clearRect(30,30,60,60)
        ctx.strokeRect(20,20,40,40)
    }
}

(3)渐变(Gradients)

//画布除使用颜色填充外,可以使用渐变(在画布坐标下定义,不是在绘制路径下定义)或图像
Canvas {
    id:root
    width: 120
    height: 120

    onPaint: {
        var ctx = getContext("2d")
        var gradient = ctx.createLinearGradient(100,0,100,200)
        gradient.addColorStop(0,"blue")
        gradient.addColorStop(0.5,"lightsteelblue")
        ctx.fillStyle = gradient
        ctx.fillRect(50,50,100,100)
    }
}

(4)阴影(Shadows)

//阴影是一个区域的轮廓线使用偏移量,颜色,模糊实现
Canvas {
    id:root
    width: 400
    height: 300

    onPaint: {
        var ctx = getContext("2d")
        ctx.stroKeStyle = "red"                    //画笔样式
        ctx.lineWidth = 10                          //边框宽度
        ctx.fillStyle = "steelblue"                //背景填充颜色
        ctx.fillRect(0,0,root.width,root.height)
        ctx.strokeRect(0,0,root.width,root.height)  //stroke属性只能控制自己的

        ctx.shadowColor = "red"             //阴影
        ctx.shadowOffsetX = 2               //阴影偏移值
        ctx.shadowOffsetY = 2
        ctx.shadowBlur = 10                 // 阴影模糊
        ctx.font = "bold 50px Arial"
        ctx.fillStyle = "green"             //字体填充绿色
        ctx.fillText("Earth",30,180)        //填充方式
        //ctx.strokeText("blue",30,220)     //描边方式
        //context.strokeText("123",30,260)
    }

(5)图片(Images)

//裁剪图片
Canvas {
    id:root
    width: 1000
    height: 800

    onPaint: {
        var ctx = getContext("2d")

        ctx.drawImage("qrc:/Images/Luffy.png",10,10)
        ctx.save()
        ctx.strokeStyle = "red"
        ctx.beginPath()
        ctx.moveTo(10,10)
        ctx.lineTo(355,10)
        ctx.lineTo(335,355)
        ctx.closePath()
        ctx.translate(150,100)
        ctx.clip()
        ctx.drawImage("qrc:/Images/Luffy.png",10,10)
        ctx.stroke()
        ctx.restore()
    }

    Component.onCompleted: {
        loadImage("qrc:/Images/Luffy.png")
    }
}

(6)转换(Transformation)

//注:调出来了但不知道为什么???
Canvas {
    id: root
    width: 240; height: 240
    onPaint: {
        var ctx = getContext("2d")
        ctx.strokeStyle = "blue"//画笔样式
        ctx.lineWidth = 4//

        ctx.beginPath()
        ctx.strokeRect(20, 20, 40, 40)
        ctx.translate(40,40)
        ctx.stroke()

        // draw path now rotated
        ctx.strokeStyle = "green"
        ctx.rotate(Math.PI/4)
        ctx.strokeRect(-20, -20, 40, 40)
        ctx.closePath()
        ctx.stroke()
    }
}

(7)组合模式(Composition Mode)

//没看懂!!!
Canvas {
    id: root
    width: 240; height: 240
    //随机出一些圆形
//    onPaint: {
//        var ctx = getContext("2d")
//        ctx.globalCompositeOperation = "xor"
//        ctx.fillStyle = "#33a9ff"

//        for(var i = 0; i < 10; i++)
//        {
//            ctx.beginPath()
//            ctx.arc(Math.random()*400,	Math.random()*200,	20,	0,	2*Math.PI)
//            ctx.closePath()
//            ctx.fill()
//        }
//    }

//不同模式生成矩形和圆形的组合
    property var operation:	[
        'source-over',	'source-in',	'source-over',
        'source-atop',	'destination-over',	'destination-in',
        'destination-out',	'destination-atop',	'lighter',
        'copy',	'xor',	'qt-clear',	'qt-destination',
        'qt-multiply',	'qt-screen',	'qt-overlay',
        'qt-darken','qt-lighten',	'qt-color-dodge',
        'qt-color-burn','qt-hard-light','qt-soft-light',
        'qt-difference','qt-exclusion'
    ]

    onPaint:{
        var	ctx	= getContext('2d')

        for(var	i=0; i

(8)像素缓冲(Pixels Buffer)

//没看懂!!!
//左边绘制圆形,点击画布后将内容存储为一个图片链接,在右侧显示该图片
Rectangle	{

    width:	240;
    height:	120
    Canvas	{
        id:	canvas
        x:	10;	y:	10
        width:	100;
        height:	100
        property	real	hue:	0.0
        onPaint:	{

            var	ctx	=	getContext("2d")
            var	x	=	10	+	Math.random(80)*80
            var	y	=	10	+	Math.random(80)*80
            hue	+=	Math.random()*0.1
            if(hue	>	1.0)	{	hue	-=	1	}
            ctx.globalAlpha	=	0.7
            ctx.fillStyle	=	Qt.hsla(hue,	0.5,	0.5,	1.0)
            ctx.beginPath()
            ctx.moveTo(x+5,y)
            ctx.arc(x,y,	x/10,	0,	360)
            ctx.closePath()
            ctx.fill()
        }
        MouseArea	{
            anchors.fill:	parent
            onClicked:	{
                var	url	=	canvas.toDataURL('image/png')
                print('image	url=',	url)
                image.source	=	url
            }
        }
    }
    Image	{
        id:	image
        x:	130;	y:	10
        width:	100;	height:	100
    }
    Timer	{
        interval:	1000
        running:	true
        triggeredOnStart:	true
        repeat:	true
        onTriggered:	canvas.requestPaint()
    }
}

(9)画布绘制(Canvas Paint)

//绘图功能,没看懂!!!

(10)HTML5画布移植(Porting from HTML5 Canvas)

//没看懂!!!

14、粒子模拟(Particle Simulations)

(1)概念(Concept):基于模糊渲染

粒子系统(ParticleSystem)-	管理发射器之间的共享时间线。
发射器(Emitter)-	向系统中发射逻辑粒子。
粒子画笔(ParticlePainter)-	实现粒子可视化。
方向(Direction)-	已发射粒子的向量空间。
粒子组(ParticleGroup)-	每个粒子是一个粒子组的成员。
粒子控制器(Affector)-	控制已发射粒子

(2)简单的模拟(Simple Simulation)

//绑定所有元素到一个模拟的粒子系统
//一个向系统发射粒子的发射器
//一个ParticlePainter派生元素,用来实现粒子的可视化
Rectangle {
    id:root
    width: 480
    height: 160
    color: "#1f1f1f"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    //一、定义粒子系统
    ParticleSystem{
        id:particleSystem
    }

    //二、元素发射器
    Emitter{
        id:emitter
        anchors.fill: parent
        system: particleSystem//进行粒子系统绑定
        emitRate: 10//每秒发射10个
        lifeSpan: 1000//每个粒子生命周期
        lifeSpanVariation: 500//一个已发射粒子的生命周期
        size: 16//一个粒子开始的大小16像素
        endSize: 32//结束时像素
        //Tracer	{	color:	'green'	}//跟踪元素,不能用

    }
    //图像粒子
    ImageParticle{
        source: "qrc:/Images/butterfly.png"
        system: particleSystem
    }
}

(3)粒子参数(Particle Parameters)

    //图像粒子
    ImageParticle{
        source: "qrc:/Images/butterfly.png"
        system: particleSystem
        color: "#ffffff"
        colorVariation: 0.2//粒子颜色变化范围正负20%
        rotation: 15//顺时针旋转15度
        rotationVariation: 5//不同粒子+-5度
        rotationVelocity: 45//每个粒子以每秒45度旋转
        rotationVelocityVariation: 15//每个粒子旋转速度变化范围+-15度
        entryEffect: ImageParticle.Scale//缩放效果

(4)粒子方向(Directed Particle)

Rectangle {
    id:root
    width: 480
    height: 160
    color: "#1f1f1f"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    //一、定义粒子系统
    ParticleSystem{
        id:particleSystem
    }

    //二、元素发射器
    Emitter{
        id:emitter
        anchors.fill: parent
        system: particleSystem//进行粒子系统绑定
        width: 1//宽高设置为1保证粒子都从一个方向发出
        height: 1
        lifeSpan: 6400//每个粒子生命周期
        lifeSpanVariation: 400//一个已发射粒子的生命周期
        size: 16//一个粒子开始的大小16像素
        //效果一,抛物线
//        velocity: AngleDirection{
//            angle: -45//方向右上
//            angleVariation: 0//角度变化范围+-15度
//            magnitude: 100//梯度值
//            //magnitudeVariation: 50
//        }
//        acceleration: AngleDirection{
//            angle: 90//加速度向下
//            magnitude: 25//加速度为速度的1/4
//        }
        //效果二,右飘
//        velocity:PointDirection{
//            x:100
//            y:0
//            xVariation: 0
//            yVariation: 100/6
//        }

        //效果三
        velocity: TargetDirection{
            targetX: 100
            targetY: 0
            targetVariation: 100 / 6
            magnitude: 100
        }
    }
    //图像粒子
    ImageParticle{
        source: "qrc:/Images/butterfly.png"
        system: particleSystem
        color: "#ffffff"
        colorVariation: 0.2//粒子颜色变化范围正负20%
        rotation: 15//顺时针旋转15度
        rotationVariation: 5//不同粒子+-5度
        rotationVelocity: 45//每个粒子以每秒45度旋转
        rotationVelocityVariation: 15//每个粒子旋转速度变化范围+-15度
        entryEffect: ImageParticle.Scale//缩放效果
    }
}

(5)粒子画笔(Particle Painter)

Rectangle {
    id:root
    width: 480
    height: 160
    color: "#1f1f1f"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    //一、定义粒子系统
    ParticleSystem{
        id:particleSystem
    }

    Emitter{
        id:emitter
        anchors.fill: parent
        system: particleSystem//进行粒子系统绑定
        emitRate: 10//每秒发射10个
        lifeSpan: 1000//每个粒子生命周期
        lifeSpanVariation: 500//一个已发射粒子的生命周期
        size: 16//一个粒子开始的大小16像素
        endSize: 32//结束时像素
        //Tracer	{	color:	'green'	}//跟踪元素,不能用

    }

    ItemParticle{//基于粒子画笔的代理
        id:particle
        system: particleSystem
        delegate: itemDelegate
    }

    Component{//自定义代理效果
        id:itemDelegate
        Rectangle{
            id:container
            width: 32*Math.ceil(Math.random()*3)
            height: width
            color: "white"
            Image {
                anchors.fill: parent
                anchors.margins: 4
                source:	"qrc:/Images/butterfly.png"
            }
        }
    }
}

(6)粒子控制(Affecting Particles)

//粒子由发射器发出,之后发射器就无法改变粒子,允许使用粒子控制器控制发射后的粒子参数
生命周期(Age)-	修改粒子的生命周期
吸引(Attractor)-	吸引粒子朝向指定点
摩擦(Friction)-	按当前粒子速度成正比减慢运动
重力(Gravity)-	设置一个角度的加速度
紊流(Turbulence)-	强制基于噪声图像方式的流动
漂移(Wander)-	随机变化的轨迹
组目标(GroupGoal)-	改变一组粒子群的状态
子粒子(SpriteGoal)-	改变一个子粒子的状

    //生命周期
//    Age{
//        anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
//        width: 240
//        height: 120
//        system: particleSystem
//        advancePosition: true//达到1200毫秒后粒子再次在该位置出现
//        lifeLeft: 1200.
//        once: true
//        //Tracer{}
//    }

    //吸引
//    Attractor{
//        anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
//        width: 160
//        height: 120
//        system: particleSystem
//        pointX: 0
//        pointY: 0
//        strength: 1.0
//    }

    //摩擦    --减慢粒子运动速度为25像素每秒
//    Friction{
//        anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
//        width: 240
//        height: 120
//        system: particleSystem
//        factor: 0.8
//        threshold: 25
//    }

    //重力
//    Gravity{
//        width: 240
//        height: 240
//        system: particleSystem
//        magnitude: 50//梯度值,变化的速度
//        angle: 90
//    }

    //紊流    --混乱映射方向力的矢量,是一个噪声图像定义的
//    Turbulence{
//        anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
//        width: 240
//        height: 120
//        system: particleSystem
//        strength: 100//影响度
//    }

    //漂移
    Wander{
        anchors.horizontalCenter: parent.horizontalCenter
        width: 240
        height: 120
        system: particleSystem
        affectedParameter: Wander.Position
        pace: 200
        yVariance: 240
    }

(7)粒子组(Particle Group)

//没看懂!!!

15、着色器效果(Shader Effect)

(1)OpenGL着色器(OpenGL Shader)

包括:

​ 一个顶点着色器:接收顶点数据,并在程序最后赋值给gl_Position,顶点经裁剪、转换、和栅格化后作为图像输出

​ 一个片段着色器:像素进入片段着色器,进一步操作后赋值给gl_FragColor

(2)着色器元素(Shader Element)

qt提供两个元素对着色器编程:ShaderEffectSource(将一个qml元素渲染为一个纹理再渲染该纹理)和ShaderEffect(自定义着色器,能应用自定义的着色器到矩形的几何形状,并且能够使用在着色器中操作资源)

Rectangle {
    width: 480
    height: 240
    color: "#1e1e1e"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    Row{
        anchors.centerIn: parent
        spacing: 20
        Image {
            id: sourceImage
            width: 80
            height: 80
            visible: true
            source: "qrc:/Images/Luffy.png"
        }
        ShaderEffect{
            id:effect
            width: 80
            height: 80
            property variant source: sourceImage
        }
        ShaderEffect{
            id:effect2
            width: 80
            height: 80
            property variant source: sourceImage
//            uniform-在处理过程中不能够改变的值。
//            attribute-连接外部数据
//            varying-着色器之间的共享数据
//            highp-高精度值
//            lowp-低精度值
//            mat4-4x4浮点数(float)矩阵
//            vec2-包含两个浮点数的向量
//            sampler2D-2D纹理
//            float-浮点数
//            qt_Matrix:model-view-projection(模型-视图-投影)矩阵
//            qt_Vertex:当前顶点坐标
//            qt_MultiTexCoord0:纹理坐标
//            qt_TexCoord0:共享纹理坐标
            //顶点着色器
            vertexShader: 	"
                uniform	highp	mat4	qt_Matrix;
                attribute	highp	vec4	qt_Vertex;
                attribute	highp	vec2	qt_MultiTexCoord0;
                varying	highp	vec2	qt_TexCoord0;
                void main()	{
                    qt_TexCoord0	=	qt_MultiTexCoord0;
                    gl_Position	=	qt_Matrix	*	qt_Vertex;
                }"
            //片段着色器	--接收纹理坐标(来自qml资源属性(source property))
            fragmentShader:	"
                varying	highp	vec2	qt_TexCoord0;
                uniform	sampler2D	source;
                uniform	lowp	float	qt_Opacity;
                void	main()	{
                    gl_FragColor	=	texture2D(source,	qt_TexCoord0)	*	qt_Opacity;
                }"
        }
    }
}

(3)片段着色器(Fragement Shader)

Rectangle {
    id:root
    width: 480
    height: 240
    color: "#f0f0f0"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    Grid{
        anchors.centerIn: parent
        spacing: 20
        rows:2
        columns: 4

        Image {
            id: sourceImage
            width: 80
            height: 80
            source: "qrc:/Images/Luffy.png"
        }
        //自定义着色器    --- 红色着色器
        ShaderEffect{
            id:effect1
            width: 80
            height: 80
            property variant source: sourceImage
            fragmentShader: "
                uniform lowp float qt_Opacity;
                void main(){
                    gl_FragColor = vec4(1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0) * qt_Opacity;
                }"
        }

        //自定义着色器    --- 使用纹理的红色着色器
        ShaderEffect{
            id:effect2
            width: 80
            height: 80
            property variant source: sourceImage
            fragmentShader: "
                varying highp vec2 qt_TexCoord0;
                uniform sampler2D source;
                uniform lowp float qt_Opacity;
                void main(){
                    gl_FragColor = texture2D(source,qt_TexCoord0) * vec4(1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0) * qt_Opacity;
                }"
        }

        //自定义着色器    --- 红色通道属性
        ShaderEffect{
            id:effect3
            width: 80
            height: 80
            property variant source: sourceImage
            property real redChannel: 0.3
            fragmentShader: "
                varying highp vec2 qt_TexCoord0;
                uniform sampler2D source;
                uniform lowp float qt_Opacity;
                uniform lowp float redChannel;//从一个着色器中标记一个值到qml
                void main(){
                    gl_FragColor = texture2D(source,qt_TexCoord0) * vec4(redChannel,1.0,1.0,1.0) * qt_Opacity;
                }"
        }

        //自定义着色器    --- 红色通道的动画
        ShaderEffect{
            id:effect4
            width: 80
            height: 80
            property variant source: sourceImage
            property real redChannel: 0.3

            NumberAnimation	on	redChannel	{
                from:	0.0;
                to:	1.0;
                loops:	Animation.Infinite;
                duration:	4000
            }

            fragmentShader: "
                varying highp vec2 qt_TexCoord0;
                uniform sampler2D source;
                uniform lowp float qt_Opacity;
                uniform lowp float redChannel;
                void main(){
                    gl_FragColor = texture2D(source,qt_TexCoord0) * vec4(redChannel,0.0,0.0,1.0) * qt_Opacity;
                }"
        }

    }
}

(4)波浪效果(Wave Effect)

Rectangle {
    width: 480
    height: 240
    color: "#f0f0f0"
    anchors.centerIn: parent

    Row{
        anchors.centerIn: parent
        spacing: 20

        Image {
            id: sourceImage
            width: 200
            height: 160
            source: "qrc:/Images/Frame.jpg"
        }

        ShaderEffect{
            width: 200
            height: 160
            property variant source: sourceImage
            property real frequency: 8
            property real amplitude: 0.1
            property real time: 0.0

            NumberAnimation on time{
                from: 0
                to:Math.PI * 2
                duration: 3000
                loops: Animation.Infinite
            }

            fragmentShader:	"
                varying	highp	vec2	qt_TexCoord0;
                uniform	sampler2D	source;
                uniform	lowp	float	qt_Opacity;
                uniform	highp	float	frequency;
                uniform	highp	float	amplitude;
                uniform	highp	float	time;
                void main() {
                    highp vec2 pulse = sin(time - frequency * qt_TexCoord0);
                    highp vec2 coord = qt_TexCoord0 + amplitude * vec2(pulse.x, -pulse.x);
                    gl_FragColor = texture2D(source, coord) * qt_Opacity;
                }"
        }
    }
}

(5)顶点着色器(Vertex Shader)

//main.qml

    Rectangle {
        width: 480; height: 240
        color: '#f0f0f0'

        TheGenieEffect {
            source: Image { source: 'qrc:/Images/Frame.jpg' }
            MouseArea {
                anchors.fill: parent
                onClicked: parent.minimized = !parent.minimized
            }
        }
    }

//TheGenieEffect.qml

ShaderEffect {
    id: genieEffect
    width: 160; height: width
    anchors.centerIn: parent
    property variant source
    mesh: GridMesh { resolution: Qt.size(10, 10) }//增加顶点数量,动画平缓
    property real minimize: 0.0
    property real bend: 0.0
    property bool minimized: false
    property real side: 1.0


    ParallelAnimation {
        id: animMinimize
        running: genieEffect.minimized
        SequentialAnimation {
            PauseAnimation { duration: 300 }
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'minimize';
                to: 1; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine
            }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1000 }
        }
        SequentialAnimation {
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'bend'
                to: 1; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine
            }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1300 }
        }
    }

    ParallelAnimation {
        id: animNormalize
        running: !genieEffect.minimized
        SequentialAnimation {
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'minimize';
                to: 0; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine
            }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1300 }
        }
        SequentialAnimation {
            PauseAnimation { duration: 300 }
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'bend'
                to: 0; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1000 }
        }
    }

    vertexShader: "
        uniform highp mat4 qt_Matrix;
        attribute highp vec4 qt_Vertex;
        attribute highp vec2 qt_MultiTexCoord0;
        uniform highp float height;
        uniform highp float width;
        uniform highp float minimize;
        uniform highp float bend;
        uniform highp float side;
        varying highp vec2 qt_TexCoord0;
        void main() {
            qt_TexCoord0 = qt_MultiTexCoord0;
            highp vec4 pos = qt_Vertex;
            pos.y = mix(qt_Vertex.y, height, minimize);
            highp float t = pos.y / height;
            t = (3.0 - 2.0 * t) * t * t;
            pos.x = mix(qt_Vertex.x, side * width, t * bend);
            gl_Position = qt_Matrix * pos;
        }"
}

(6)剧幕效果(Curtain Effect)

//main.qml

    Item {
        id: root
        width: background.width
        height: background.height

        Image {
            id: background
            anchors.centerIn: parent
            source: "qrc:/Images/Luffy.png"
        }

        Text {
            anchors.centerIn: parent
            font.pixelSize: 48
            color: "#efefef"
            text: "Qt5 Cadaques"
        }

        TheCurtainEffect{
            id:curtain
            anchors.fill: parent
        }

        MouseArea{
            anchors.fill: parent
            onClicked: curtain.open = !curtain.open
        }
    }

//TheGenieEffect.qml

ShaderEffect {
    id: genieEffect
    width: 160; height: width
    anchors.centerIn: parent
    property variant source
    mesh: GridMesh { resolution: Qt.size(10, 10) }//增加顶点数量,动画平缓
    property real minimize: 0.0
    property real bend: 0.0
    property bool minimized: false
    property real side: 1.0


    ParallelAnimation {
        id: animMinimize
        running: genieEffect.minimized
        SequentialAnimation {
            PauseAnimation { duration: 300 }
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'minimize';
                to: 1; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine
            }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1000 }
        }
        SequentialAnimation {
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'bend'
                to: 1; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine
            }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1300 }
        }
    }

    ParallelAnimation {
        id: animNormalize
        running: !genieEffect.minimized
        SequentialAnimation {
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'minimize';
                to: 0; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine
            }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1300 }
        }
        SequentialAnimation {
            PauseAnimation { duration: 300 }
            NumberAnimation {
                target: genieEffect; property: 'bend'
                to: 0; duration: 700;
                easing.type: Easing.InOutSine }
            PauseAnimation { duration: 1000 }
        }
    }

    vertexShader: "
        uniform highp mat4 qt_Matrix;
        attribute highp vec4 qt_Vertex;
        attribute highp vec2 qt_MultiTexCoord0;
        uniform highp float height;
        uniform highp float width;
        uniform highp float minimize;
        uniform highp float bend;
        uniform highp float side;
        varying highp vec2 qt_TexCoord0;
        void main() {
            qt_TexCoord0 = qt_MultiTexCoord0;
            highp vec4 pos = qt_Vertex;
            pos.y = mix(qt_Vertex.y, height, minimize);
            highp float t = pos.y / height;
            t = (3.0 - 2.0 * t) * t * t;
            pos.x = mix(qt_Vertex.x, side * width, t * bend);
            gl_Position = qt_Matrix * pos;
        }"
}

(7)图像效果库(Qt GraphicsEffect Library)

//快速模糊demo
import QtQuick 2.0
import	QtGraphicalEffects	1.0

Rectangle {
    width: 480
    height: 240
    color: "#f0f0f0"

    Row{
        anchors.centerIn: parent
        spacing: 16

        Image {
            id: sourceImage
            source: "qrc:/Images/Frame.jpg"
            width: 200
            height: 200
            sourceSize: Qt.size(parent.width,parent.height)
            smooth: ture
        }

        FastBlur{
            width: 200
            height: 200
            source: sourceImage
            radius: blurred?32:0
            property bool blurred: false
            Behavior on radius{
                NumberAnimation { duration: 1000 }
            }

            MouseArea{
                id:area
                anchors.fill: parent
                onClicked: parent.blurred = !parent.blurred
            }
        }
    }
}

16、多媒体(Multimedia)

17、网络(NetWorking)

18、存储(Storage)

19、动态qml(Dynamic QML)

20、JavaScript

21、Qt and C++

22、C++扩展QML

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