python机器学习：决策树（1）

决策树

import numpy as np
import os
%matplotlib inline
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.rcParams['axes.labelsize'] = 14
plt.rcParams['xtick.labelsize'] = 12
plt.rcParams['ytick.labelsize'] = 12
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

树模型的可视化展示

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier

iris = load_iris()
X = iris.data[:,2:] # petal length and width
y = iris.target

tree_clf = DecisionTreeClassifier(max_depth=2)
tree_clf.fit(X,y)
iris
tree_clf
from sklearn.tree import export_graphviz

export_graphviz(
    tree_clf,
    out_file="iris_tree.dot",
    feature_names=iris.feature_names[2:],
    class_names=iris.target_names,
    rounded=True,
    filled=True
)

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename='iris_tree.png',width=400,height=400)

决策边界展示

from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap

def plot_decision_boundary(clf, X, y, axes=[0, 7.5, 0, 3], iris=True, legend=False, plot_training=True):
    x1s = np.linspace(axes[0], axes[1], 100)
    x2s = np.linspace(axes[2], axes[3], 100)
    x1, x2 = np.meshgrid(x1s, x2s)
    X_new = np.c_[x1.ravel(), x2.ravel()]
    y_pred = clf.predict(X_new).reshape(x1.shape)
    custom_cmap = ListedColormap(['#fafab0','#9898ff','#a0faa0'])
    plt.contourf(x1, x2, y_pred, alpha=0.3, cmap=custom_cmap)
    if not iris:
        custom_cmap2 = ListedColormap(['#7d7d58','#4c4c7f','#507d50'])
        plt.contour(x1, x2, y_pred, cmap=custom_cmap2, alpha=0.8)
    if plot_training:
        plt.plot(X[:, 0][y==0], X[:, 1][y==0], "yo", label="Iris-Setosa")
        plt.plot(X[:, 0][y==1], X[:, 1][y==1], "bs", label="Iris-Versicolor")
        plt.plot(X[:, 0][y==2], X[:, 1][y==2], "g^", label="Iris-Virginica")
        plt.axis(axes)
    if iris:
        plt.xlabel("Petal length", fontsize=14)
        plt.ylabel("Petal width", fontsize=14)
    else:
        plt.xlabel(r"$x_1$", fontsize=18)
        plt.ylabel(r"$x_2$", fontsize=18, rotation=0)
    if legend:
        plt.legend(loc="lower right", fontsize=14)

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 4))
plot_decision_boundary(tree_clf, X, y)
plt.plot([2.45, 2.45], [0, 3], "k-", linewidth=2)
plt.plot([2.45, 7.5], [1.75, 1.75], "k--", linewidth=2)
plt.plot([4.95, 4.95], [0, 1.75], "k:", linewidth=2)
plt.plot([4.85, 4.85], [1.75, 3], "k:", linewidth=2)
plt.text(1.40, 1.0, "Depth=0", fontsize=15)
plt.text(3.2, 1.80, "Depth=1", fontsize=13)
plt.text(4.05, 0.5, "(Depth=2)", fontsize=11)
plt.title('Decision Tree decision boundaries')

plt.show()

概率估计

估计类概率
输入数据为：花瓣长5厘米，宽1.5厘米的花。 相应的叶节点是深度为2的左节点，因此决策树应输出以下概率：

• Iris-Setosa 为 0％（0/54），
• Iris-Versicolor 为 90.7％（49/54），
• Iris-Virginica 为 9.3％（5/54）。

tree_clf.predict_proba([[5,1.5]])

tree_clf.predict([[5,1.5]])

决策树中的正则化

DecisionTreeClassifier类还有一些其他参数类似地限制了决策树的形状：

• min_samples_split（节点在分割之前必须具有的最小样本数），

• min_samples_leaf（叶子节点必须具有的最小样本数），

• max_leaf_nodes（叶子节点的最大数量），

• max_features（在每个节点处评估用于拆分的最大特征数）。

• max_depth(树最大的深度)

from sklearn.datasets import make_moons
X,y = make_moons(n_samples=100,noise=0.25,random_state=53)
tree_clf1 = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42)
tree_clf2 = DecisionTreeClassifier(min_samples_leaf=4,random_state=42)
tree_clf1.fit(X,y)
tree_clf2.fit(X,y)

plt.figure(figsize=(12,4))
plt.subplot(121)
plot_decision_boundary(tree_clf1,X,y,axes=[-1.5,2.5,-1,1.5],iris=False)
plt.title('No restrictions')

plt.subplot(122)
plot_decision_boundary(tree_clf2,X,y,axes=[-1.5,2.5,-1,1.5],iris=False)
plt.title('min_samples_leaf=4')

对数据的敏感

np.random.seed(6)
Xs = np.random.rand(100, 2) - 0.5
ys = (Xs[:, 0] > 0).astype(np.float32) * 2

angle = np.pi / 4
rotation_matrix = np.array([[np.cos(angle), -np.sin(angle)], [np.sin(angle), np.cos(angle)]])
Xsr = Xs.dot(rotation_matrix)

tree_clf_s = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42)
tree_clf_s.fit(Xs, ys)
tree_clf_sr = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42)
tree_clf_sr.fit(Xsr, ys)

plt.figure(figsize=(11, 4))
plt.subplot(121)
plot_decision_boundary(tree_clf_s, Xs, ys, axes=[-0.7, 0.7, -0.7, 0.7], iris=False)
plt.title('Sensitivity to training set rotation')

plt.subplot(122)
plot_decision_boundary(tree_clf_sr, Xsr, ys, axes=[-0.7, 0.7, -0.7, 0.7], iris=False)
plt.title('Sensitivity to training set rotation')

plt.show()

回归任务

np.random.seed(42)
m=200
X=np.random.rand(m,1)
y = 4*(X-0.5)**2
y = y + np.random.randn(m,1)/10

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor

tree_reg = DecisionTreeRegressor(max_depth=2)
tree_reg.fit(X,y)
export_graphviz(
        tree_reg,
        out_file=("regression_tree.dot"),
        feature_names=["x1"],
        rounded=True,
        filled=True
    )

第二个决策树长这样 对比树的深度对结果的影响

from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename="regression_tree.png",width=400,height=400,)

from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeRegressor

tree_reg1 = DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=42, max_depth=2)
tree_reg2 = DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=42, max_depth=3)
tree_reg1.fit(X, y)
tree_reg2.fit(X, y)

def plot_regression_predictions(tree_reg, X, y, axes=[0, 1, -0.2, 1], ylabel="$y$"):
    x1 = np.linspace(axes[0], axes[1], 500).reshape(-1, 1)
    y_pred = tree_reg.predict(x1)
    plt.axis(axes)
    plt.xlabel("$x_1$", fontsize=18)
    if ylabel:
        plt.ylabel(ylabel, fontsize=18, rotation=0)
    plt.plot(X, y, "b.")
    plt.plot(x1, y_pred, "r.-", linewidth=2, label=r"$\hat{y}$")

plt.figure(figsize=(11, 4))
plt.subplot(121)

plot_regression_predictions(tree_reg1, X, y)
for split, style in ((0.1973, "k-"), (0.0917, "k--"), (0.7718, "k--")):
    plt.plot([split, split], [-0.2, 1], style, linewidth=2)
plt.text(0.21, 0.65, "Depth=0", fontsize=15)
plt.text(0.01, 0.2, "Depth=1", fontsize=13)
plt.text(0.65, 0.8, "Depth=1", fontsize=13)
plt.legend(loc="upper center", fontsize=18)
plt.title("max_depth=2", fontsize=14)

plt.subplot(122)

plot_regression_predictions(tree_reg2, X, y, ylabel=None)
for split, style in ((0.1973, "k-"), (0.0917, "k--"), (0.7718, "k--")):
    plt.plot([split, split], [-0.2, 1], style, linewidth=2)
for split in (0.0458, 0.1298, 0.2873, 0.9040):
    plt.plot([split, split], [-0.2, 1], "k:", linewidth=1)
plt.text(0.3, 0.5, "Depth=2", fontsize=13)
plt.title("max_depth=3", fontsize=14)

plt.show()

tree_reg1 = DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=42)
tree_reg2 = DecisionTreeRegressor(random_state=42, min_samples_leaf=10)
tree_reg1.fit(X, y)
tree_reg2.fit(X, y)

x1 = np.linspace(0, 1, 500).reshape(-1, 1)
y_pred1 = tree_reg1.predict(x1)
y_pred2 = tree_reg2.predict(x1)

plt.figure(figsize=(11, 4))

plt.subplot(121)
plt.plot(X, y, "b.")
plt.plot(x1, y_pred1, "r.-", linewidth=2, label=r"$\hat{y}$")
plt.axis([0, 1, -0.2, 1.1])
plt.xlabel("$x_1$", fontsize=18)
plt.ylabel("$y$", fontsize=18, rotation=0)
plt.legend(loc="upper center", fontsize=18)
plt.title("No restrictions", fontsize=14)

plt.subplot(122)
plt.plot(X, y, "b.")
plt.plot(x1, y_pred2, "r.-", linewidth=2, label=r"$\hat{y}$")
plt.axis([0, 1, -0.2, 1.1])
plt.xlabel("$x_1$", fontsize=18)
plt.title("min_samples_leaf={}".format(tree_reg2.min_samples_leaf), fontsize=14)

plt.show()