【golang设计模式】Golang设计模式详解四
十六、命令模式
命令模式本质是把某个对象的方法调用封装到对象中，方便传递、存储、调用。
示例中把主板单中的启动(start)方法和重启(reboot)方法封装为命令对象，再传递到主机(box)对象中。于两个按钮进行绑定：
第一个机箱(box1)设置按钮1(button1) 为开机按钮2(button2)为重启。
第二个机箱(box1)设置按钮2(button2) 为开机按钮1(button1)为重启。
从而得到配置灵活性。
除了配置灵活外，使用命令模式还可以用作：
批处理
任务队列
undo, redo
等把具体命令封装到对象中使用的场合
command.go
package command
import "fmt"
type Command interface {
Execute()
}
type StartCommand struct {
mb *MotherBoard
}
func NewStartCommand(mb *MotherBoard) *StartCommand {
return &StartCommand{
mb: mb,
}
}
func (c *StartCommand) Execute() {
c.mb.Start()
}
type RebootCommand struct {
mb *MotherBoard
}
func NewRebootCommand(mb *MotherBoard) *RebootCommand {
return &RebootCommand{
mb: mb,
}
}
func (c *RebootCommand) Execute() {
c.mb.Reboot()
}
type MotherBoard struct{}
func (*MotherBoard) Start() {
fmt.Print("system starting\n")
}
func (*MotherBoard) Reboot() {
fmt.Print("system rebooting\n")
}
type Box struct {
button1 Command
button2 Command
}
func NewBox(button1, button2 Command) *Box {
return &Box{
button1: button1,
button2: button2,
}
}
func (b *Box) PressButton1() {
b.button1.Execute()
}
func (b *Box) PressButton2() {
b.button2.Execute()
}
command_test.go
package command
func ExampleCommand() {
mb := &MotherBoard{}
startCommand := NewStartCommand(mb)
rebootCommand := NewRebootCommand(mb)
box1 := NewBox(startCommand, rebootCommand)
box1.PressButton1()
box1.PressButton2()
box2 := NewBox(rebootCommand, startCommand)
box2.PressButton1()
box2.PressButton2()
// Output:
// system starting
// system rebooting
// system rebooting
// system starting
}
十七、迭代器模式
迭代器模式用于使用相同方式迭代不同类型集合或者隐藏集合类型的具体实现。
可以使用迭代器模式使遍历同时应用迭代策略，如请求新对象、过滤、处理对象等。
iterator.go
package iterator
import "fmt"
type Aggregate interface {
Iterator() Iterator
}
type Iterator interface {
First()
IsDone() bool
Next() interface{}
}
type Numbers struct {
start, end int
}
func NewNumbers(start, end int) *Numbers {
return &Numbers{
start: start,
end: end,
}
}
func (n *Numbers) Iterator() Iterator {
return &NumbersIterator{
numbers: n,
next: n.start,
}
}
type NumbersIterator struct {
numbers *Numbers
next int
}
func (i *NumbersIterator) First() {
i.next = i.numbers.start
}
func (i *NumbersIterator) IsDone() bool {
return i.next > i.numbers.end
}
func (i *NumbersIterator) Next() interface{} {
if !i.IsDone() {
next := i.next
i.next++
return next
}
return nil
}
func IteratorPrint(i Iterator) {
for i.First(); !i.IsDone(); {
c := i.Next()
fmt.Printf("%#v\n", c)
}
}
iterator_test.go
package iterator
func ExampleIterator() {
var aggregate Aggregate
aggregate = NewNumbers(1, 10)
IteratorPrint(aggregate.Iterator())
// Output:
// 1
// 2
// 3
// 4
// 5
// 6
// 7
// 8
// 9
// 10
}
十八、模板方法模式
模版方法模式使用继承机制，把通用步骤和通用方法放到父类中，把具体实现延迟到子类中实现。使得实现符合开闭原则。
如实例代码中通用步骤在父类中实现（准备、下载、保存、收尾）下载和保存的具体实现留到子类中，并且提供 保存方法的默认实现。
因为Golang不提供继承机制，需要使用匿名组合模拟实现继承。
此处需要注意：因为父类需要调用子类方法，所以子类需要匿名组合父类的同时，父类需要持有子类的引用。
templatemethod.go
package templatemethod
import "fmt"
type Downloader interface {
Download(uri string)
}
type template struct {
implement
uri string
}
type implement interface {
download()
save()
}
func newTemplate(impl implement) *template {
return &template{
implement: impl,
}
}
func (t *template) Download(uri string) {
t.uri = uri
fmt.Print("prepare downloading\n")
t.implement.download()
t.implement.save()
fmt.Print("finish downloading\n")
}
func (t *template) save() {
fmt.Print("default save\n")
}
type HTTPDownloader struct {
*template
}
func NewHTTPDownloader() Downloader {
downloader := &HTTPDownloader{}
template := newTemplate(downloader)
downloader.template = template
return downloader
}
func (d *HTTPDownloader) download() {
fmt.Printf("download %s via http\n", d.uri)
}
func (*HTTPDownloader) save() {
fmt.Printf("http save\n")
}
type FTPDownloader struct {
*template
}
func NewFTPDownloader() Downloader {
downloader := &FTPDownloader{}
template := newTemplate(downloader)
downloader.template = template
return downloader
}
func (d *FTPDownloader) download() {
fmt.Printf("download %s via ftp\n", d.uri)
}
templatemethod_test.go
package templatemethod
func ExampleHTTPDownloader() {
var downloader Downloader = NewHTTPDownloader()
downloader.Download("http://example.com/abc.zip")
// Output:
// prepare downloading
// download http://example.com/abc.zip via http
// http save
// finish downloading
}
func ExampleFTPDownloader() {
var downloader Downloader = NewFTPDownloader()
downloader.Download("ftp://example.com/abc.zip")
// Output:
// prepare downloading
// download ftp://example.com/abc.zip via ftp
// default save
// finish downloading
}
十九、策略模式
定义一系列算法，让这些算法在运行时可以互换，使得分离算法，符合开闭原则。
strategy.go
package strategy
import "fmt"
type Payment struct {
context *PaymentContext
strategy PaymentStrategy
}
type PaymentContext struct {
Name, CardID string
Money int
}
func NewPayment(name, cardid string, money int, strategy PaymentStrategy) *Payment {
return &Payment{
context: &PaymentContext{
Name: name,
CardID: cardid,
Money: money,
},
strategy: strategy,
}
}
func (p *Payment) Pay() {
p.strategy.Pay(p.context)
}
type PaymentStrategy interface {
Pay(*PaymentContext)
}
type Cash struct{}
func (*Cash) Pay(ctx *PaymentContext) {
fmt.Printf("Pay $%d to %s by cash", ctx.Money, ctx.Name)
}
type Bank struct{}
func (*Bank) Pay(ctx *PaymentContext) {
fmt.Printf("Pay $%d to %s by bank account %s", ctx.Money, ctx.Name, ctx.CardID)
}
strategy_test.go
package strategy
func ExamplePayByCash() {
payment := NewPayment("Ada", "", 123, &Cash{})
payment.Pay()
// Output:
// Pay $123 to Ada by cash
}
func ExamplePayByBank() {
payment := NewPayment("Bob", "0002", 888, &Bank{})
payment.Pay()
// Output:
// Pay $888 to Bob by bank account 0002
}
二十、访问者模式
访问者模式可以给一系列对象透明的添加功能，并且把相关代码封装到一个类中。
对象只要预留访问者接口Accept则后期为对象添加功能的时候就不需要改动对象。
visitor.go
package visitor
import "fmt"
type Customer interface {
Accept(Visitor)
}
type Visitor interface {
Visit(Customer)
}
type EnterpriseCustomer struct {
name string
}
type CustomerCol struct {
customers []Customer
}
func (c *CustomerCol) Add(customer Customer) {
c.customers = append(c.customers, customer)
}
func (c *CustomerCol) Accept(visitor Visitor) {
for _, customer := range c.customers {
customer.Accept(visitor)
}
}
func NewEnterpriseCustomer(name string) *EnterpriseCustomer {
return &EnterpriseCustomer{
name: name,
}
}
func (c *EnterpriseCustomer) Accept(visitor Visitor) {
visitor.Visit(c)
}
type IndividualCustomer struct {
name string
}
func NewIndividualCustomer(name string) *IndividualCustomer {
return &IndividualCustomer{
name: name,
}
}
func (c *IndividualCustomer) Accept(visitor Visitor) {
visitor.Visit(c)
}
type ServiceRequestVisitor struct{}
func (*ServiceRequestVisitor) Visit(customer Customer) {
switch c := customer.(type) {
case *EnterpriseCustomer:
fmt.Printf("serving enterprise customer %s\n", c.name)
case *IndividualCustomer:
fmt.Printf("serving individual customer %s\n", c.name)
}
}
// only for enterprise
type AnalysisVisitor struct{}
func (*AnalysisVisitor) Visit(customer Customer) {
switch c := customer.(type) {
case *EnterpriseCustomer:
fmt.Printf("analysis enterprise customer %s\n", c.name)
}
}
visitor_test.go
package visitor
func ExampleRequestVisitor() {
c := &CustomerCol{}
c.Add(NewEnterpriseCustomer("A company"))
c.Add(NewEnterpriseCustomer("B company"))
c.Add(NewIndividualCustomer("bob"))
c.Accept(&ServiceRequestVisitor{})
// Output:
// serving enterprise customer A company
// serving enterprise customer B company
// serving individual customer bob
}
func ExampleAnalysis() {
c := &CustomerCol{}
c.Add(NewEnterpriseCustomer("A company"))
c.Add(NewIndividualCustomer("bob"))
c.Add(NewEnterpriseCustomer("B company"))
c.Accept(&AnalysisVisitor{})
// Output:
// analysis enterprise customer A company
// analysis enterprise customer B company
}