Computing Science CMPT 361 Fall 2019Assignment #3Due date: November 27th at 11:59 pm.Ray TracingYou will write a basic ray tracer. The entire assignment can be completed in Euclideanspace; there is no need for homogeneous coordinates. There are 25 points available.(a) [1 point] Window setupUse OpenGL to set up a window with a 400 x 400 pixel drawing window. Use a symbolicconstant rather than 400 so that you can change resolution by changing the constant.(b) [2 points] ViewingThe eyepoint is the origin, and the view is down the negative z-axis with the y-axis pointingup. The coordinate system is right-handed.Have a constant or a procedure call that defines the Field of View in the Y-direction (fovy), indegrees. The field of view is the angle between the top of the view volume and the bottomof the view volume. It is illustrated in the following image, but note that we will have nonear or far clipping planes. Note that since we have a square window (400 x 400) the field ofview in the x-direction (fovx) is equal to fovy.(image from learnwebgl.brown37.net)Assume that the virtual screen is on the plane at z = -1.Design an object called Ray to hold a ray, which consists of a start point p0 and a vector vand represents the ray p(t) = p0 + tv for t ≥ 0.Computing Science CMPT 361 Fall 2019Instructor: Tom Shermer Simon Fraser UniversityIn a routine named render, write a loop nest that will generate the initial rays for each of thepixels. These initial rays start at the origin and have a vector v = (vx, vy, -1). Your job here isto figure out the correct vx’s and vy’s given fovy. At this point, the body of the loop nestshould just create a ray object.(c) [2 points] PrimitivesYou will have two types of objects that you will be making images of: spheres and planes.Define an object for each of these primitives, e.g. a Sphere and a Plane. Design ways ofcreating these objects so that they are put on a globally-accessible list (array, vector, etc.) ofobjects. You may either keep one such list or two (which would be one for Spheres and onefor Planes).When creating an object, specify its geometry and its material/surface properties. Forexample, you might have:new Sphere(1.0, 2.0, -3.0, 1.25, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 32, 0.5, 0.0, 1.5)which is quite hard to figure out. It’s better if you have objects that group the parameters,such as a Point and a Color:new Sphere(Point(1.0, 2.0, -3.0), 1.25, Color(0.1, 0.8, 0.8), Color(0.9, 0.9, 0.9), 32, 0.5, 0.0, 1.5)This is still a long parameter list, but it is meant to represent:Center of sphere: (1.0, 2.0, -3.0)radius of sphere: 1.25kd: Color(0.1, 0.8, 0.8)ks: Color(0.9, 0.9, 0.9)q: 32kr: 0.5kt: 0.0 (no refraction)index of refraction: 1.5One can perhaps simplify the parameters farther by defining an object Material consisting ofall the material properties. Material* aqua = new Material(Color(0.1, 0.8,0.8), Color(0.9, 0.9, 0.9), 32, 0.5, 0.0, 1.5) … new Sphere(Point(1.0, 2.0, -3.0), 1.25, aqua);Computing Science CMPT 361 Fall 2019Instructor: Tom Shermer Simon Fraser UniversityThe object Plane should be similar, with the first four parameters denoting A, B, C, and D ofthe plane equation Ax + By + Cz + D = 0:new Plane(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0 , aqua);This is the plane y = -1 given the ‘aqua’ material properties.(d) [1 point] LightsThe lights you will be using are simple local point light sources with no falloff.Define an object Light and a way of creating them so that they are put on a globallyaccessiblelist (array, vector, etc.) of lights. Each light should have a location and a colorintensity:new Light(Point(-100.0, -100.0, -20.0), Color(2.5, 2.5, 2.0))Note that the “Color” here is color intensity and can contain values greater than 1.0; normalcolors (kd and ks) have channels that range between 0.0 and 1.0.(e) [1 point] Scene setup and command-line argumentYour program must be capable of displaying one of four different scenes depending on acommand-line argument (which will be a number, 1 to 4). Each scene should set up lights,primitives, camera (fovy), and also set a depth limit for the ray tree, an ambient lightintensity, and a background light intensity. You should have one subroutine for each sceneto display. Here’s roughly what a scene subroutine should look like, if you use the Materialobject:void scene2() {Material* aqua = new Material( … );Material* greenGlass = new Material(…);Material* chrome = new Material(…);fovy(40);rayTreeDepth(4);ambient(new Color(…);background(new Color(…);new Light(…);new Light(…);new Sphere(…);new Sphere(…);new Plane(…);render();}Don’t slavishly copy that; you may have other syntax for creating your objects, or differentlynamedsubroutines, etc.Computing Science CMPT 361 Fall 2019Instructor: Tom Shermer Simon Fraser University(f) [3 points] Ray-primitive intersectionsAs member functions of the primitive objects (Plane and Sphere), implement a routine whichwill intersect a ray with the object. It should take the ray as a parameter and return thesmallest positive t value at which the ray intersects the primitive. If there is no such t value,it returns a negative number. (This is an overloading of the return value but in this casespeed is important so we’ll forgive ourselves.) These computations have been covered inlecture.(g) [7 points] Ray tracingImplement a function trace that takes a ray and a depth of tracing as parameters, andreturns a color intensity.If the depth of tracing is 0, then trace should return the background color intensity.If the depth of tracing is greater than 0, then trace should intersect the ray with all primitivesin the scene and determine which one has the smallest positive t where it intersects. This isthe object the ray hits. If the ray hits no object, then trace should return the backgroundcolor intensity.If the ray hits an object, then let p(t) be the point where it hits. At this point, apply thelighting formula = + + +∑( ∙ + (∙ ))=1Ir and It are obtained by recursively tracing the reflected and refracted rays, respectively. Besure to decrement the depth-of-tracing parameter by 1 when you make the recursive call.SI should be 0 or 1 and is obtained by a ray cast from p(t) in the direction of light source i.The view vector V is the reverse direction of the incoming ray that hit the surface at p(t).You will need to find the normal vector to your primitive at p(t), and also Li and Ri. You’ll alsohave to find the directions of the reflected and refracted rays; the refracted one is moredifficult but that is a problem I leave for you to solve. Do not generate reflected or refractedrays if kr or kt is zero.Modify your render subroutine so that it traces the rays that it generates. When it gets acolor intensity back from trace, it should first convert that color so that all channels liebetween 0.0 and 1.0 ( because the intensity you get may be out of range). You choose howto do this. Then it should write that color to the appropriate pixel on the OpenGL display.See the programs in section 23-1 of your text if you are unsure how to do this…it’s done withcode like:glColor3f(r, ,g, b);glBegin(GL_POINTS); glVertex2f(x, y);glEnd();Computing Science CMPT 361 Fall 2019Instructor: Tom Shermer Simon Fraser University(h) [8 points; 2 points each] Four scenesEach scene should contain at least three spheres and one plane.Scene 1 should convincingly demonstrate that you have basic Phong lighting controlsimplemented. I want to see diffuse and specular effects. Be sure to include surfaces withdifferent values of q, the specular exponent. Be sure the image clearly shows an effect fromthe changing q.Scene 2 should convincingly demonstrate that you have reflection and shadowing working.Scene 3 should convincingly demonstrate that you have refraction working.Scene 4 is your choice. Design a nice scene and impress us with what your ray-tracer will do.ExtrasNo extra credit is available, but you can implement extra functionality if you would like. Forinstance, have a function to call from a scene function that will set the resolution of therender (rather than 400 x 400). Or you could implement extra primitives, like polygons,quadrics, or CSG. Or you could implement light attenuation. Or texture-map the plane likea checkerboard. On the structural side, you could implement bounding volume hierarchies.These are just some ideas in case you’d like to expand this project.Note that you can include these extras in your scenes, particularly in scene 4.Submission:• All source code,• a Makefile to make the executable called rayT (the make command should besimply “make”),• four images called S1.jpg, S2.jpg, S3.jpg, S4.jpg that show the images that resultfrom running your program with arguments 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively,• and a README file that documents any steps not completed, additional features,and any extra instructions for your TA.转自：http://www.3daixie.com/contents/11/3444.html
