图像分类是根据 图像的语义信息 对不同类别图像进行区分,是计算机视觉的核心,是物体检测、图像分割、物体跟踪、行为分析、人脸识别等其他高层次视觉任务的基础。图像分类在许多领域都有着广泛的应用,如:
上一节主要介绍了卷积神经网络常用的一些基本模块,本节将基于眼疾分类数据集iChallenge-PM,对图像分类领域的经典卷积神经网络进行剖析,介绍如何应用这些基础模块构建卷积神经网络,解决图像分类问题。涵盖如下卷积神经网络:
LeNet:Yan LeCun等人于1998年第一次将卷积神经网络应用到图像分类任务上[1],在手写数字识别任务上取得了巨大成功。
AlexNet:Alex Krizhevsky等人在2012年提出了AlexNet[2], 并应用在大尺寸图片数据集ImageNet上,获得了2012年ImageNet比赛冠军(ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge,ILSVRC)。
VGG:Simonyan和Zisserman于2014年提出了VGG网络结构[3],是当前最流行的卷积神经网络之一,由于其结构简单、应用性极强而深受广大研究者欢迎。
GoogLeNet:Christian Szegedy等人在2014提出了GoogLeNet[4],并取得了2014年ImageNet比赛冠军。
ResNet:Kaiming He等人在2015年提出了ResNet[5],通过引入残差模块加深网络层数,在ImagNet数据集上的错误率降低到3.6%,超越了人眼识别水平。ResNet的设计思想深刻地影响了后来的深度神经网络的设计。
LeNet是最早的卷积神经网络之一[1]。1998年,Yan LeCun第一次将LeNet卷积神经网络应用到图像分类上,在手写数字识别任务中取得了巨大成功。LeNet通过连续使用卷积和池化层的组合提取图像特征,其架构如 图1 所示,这里展示的是作者论文中的LeNet-5模型:
图1:LeNet模型网络结构示意图
第一模块:包含5×5的6通道卷积和2×2的池化。卷积提取图像中包含的特征模式(激活函数使用sigmoid),图像尺寸从32减小到28。经过池化层可以降低输出特征图对空间位置的敏感性,图像尺寸减到14。
第二模块:和第一模块尺寸相同,通道数由6增加为16。卷积操作使图像尺寸减小到10,经过池化后变成5。
第三模块:包含5×5的120通道卷积。卷积之后的图像尺寸减小到1,但是通道数增加为120。将经过第3次卷积提取到的特征图输入到全连接层。第一个全连接层的输出神经元的个数是64,第二个全连接层的输出神经元个数是分类标签的类别数,对于手写数字识别其大小是10。然后使用Softmax激活函数即可计算出每个类别的预测概率。
【提示】:
卷积层的输出特征图如何当作全连接层的输入使用呢?
卷积层的输出数据格式是[N,C,H,W][N, C, H, W][N,C,H,W],在输入全连接层的时候,会自动将数据拉平,
也就是对每个样本,自动将其转化为长度为KKK的向量,
其中K=C×H×WK = C \times H \times WK=C×H×W,一个mini-batch的数据维度变成了N×KN\times KN×K的二维向量。
LeNet网络的实现代码如下:
# 导入需要的包
import paddle
import paddle.fluid as fluid
import numpy as np
from paddle.fluid.dygraph.nn import Conv2D, Pool2D, Linear
# 定义 LeNet 网络结构
class LeNet(fluid.dygraph.Layer):
def __init__(self, num_classes=1):
super(LeNet, self).__init__()
# 创建卷积和池化层块,每个卷积层使用Sigmoid激活函数,后面跟着一个2x2的池化
self.conv1 = Conv2D(num_channels=1, num_filters=6, filter_size=5, act='sigmoid')
self.pool1 = Pool2D(pool_size=2, pool_stride=2, pool_type='max')
self.conv2 = Conv2D(num_channels=6, num_filters=16, filter_size=5, act='sigmoid')
self.pool2 = Pool2D(pool_size=2, pool_stride=2, pool_type='max')
# 创建第3个卷积层
self.conv3 = Conv2D(num_channels=16, num_filters=120, filter_size=4, act='sigmoid')
# 创建全连接层,第一个全连接层的输出神经元个数为64, 第二个全连接层输出神经元个数为分类标签的类别数
self.fc1 = Linear(input_dim=120, output_dim=64, act='sigmoid')
self.fc2 = Linear(input_dim=64, output_dim=num_classes)
# 网络的前向计算过程
def forward(self, x):
x = self.conv1(x)
x = self.pool1(x)
x = self.conv2(x)
x = self.pool2(x)
x = self.conv3(x)
x = fluid.layers.reshape(x, [x.shape[0], -1])
x = self.fc1(x)
x = self.fc2(x)
return x
下面的程序使用随机数作为输入,查看经过LeNet-5的每一层作用之后,输出数据的形状
# 输入数据形状是 [N, 1, H, W]
# 这里用np.random创建一个随机数组作为输入数据
x = np.random.randn(*[3,1,28,28])
x = x.astype('float32')
with fluid.dygraph.guard():
# 创建LeNet类的实例,指定模型名称和分类的类别数目
m = LeNet(num_classes=10)
# 通过调用LeNet从基类继承的sublayers()函数,
# 查看LeNet中所包含的子层
print(m.sublayers())
x = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(x)
for item in m.sublayers():
# item是LeNet类中的一个子层
# 查看经过子层之后的输出数据形状
try:
x = item(x)
except:
x = fluid.layers.reshape(x, [x.shape[0], -1])
x = item(x)
if len(item.parameters())==2:
# 查看卷积和全连接层的数据和参数的形状,
# 其中item.parameters()[0]是权重参数w,item.parameters()[1]是偏置参数b
print(item.full_name(), x.shape, item.parameters()[0].shape, item.parameters()[1].shape)
else:
# 池化层没有参数
print(item.full_name(), x.shape)
[
conv2d_0 [3, 6, 24, 24] [6, 1, 5, 5] [6]
pool2d_0 [3, 6, 12, 12]
conv2d_1 [3, 16, 8, 8] [16, 6, 5, 5] [16]
pool2d_1 [3, 16, 4, 4]
conv2d_2 [3, 120, 1, 1] [120, 16, 4, 4] [120]
linear_0 [3, 64] [120, 64] [64]
linear_1 [3, 10] [64, 10] [10]
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# LeNet 识别手写数字
import os
import random
import paddle
import paddle.fluid as fluid
import numpy as np
# 定义训练过程
def train(model):
print('start training ... ')
model.train()
epoch_num = 5
opt = fluid.optimizer.Momentum(learning_rate=0.001, momentum=0.9, parameter_list=model.parameters())
# 使用Paddle自带的数据读取器
train_loader = paddle.batch(paddle.dataset.mnist.train(), batch_size=10)
valid_loader = paddle.batch(paddle.dataset.mnist.test(), batch_size=10)
for epoch in range(epoch_num):
for batch_id, data in enumerate(train_loader()):
# 调整输入数据形状和类型
x_data = np.array([item[0] for item in data], dtype='float32').reshape(-1, 1, 28, 28)
y_data = np.array([item[1] for item in data], dtype='int64').reshape(-1, 1)
# 将numpy.ndarray转化成Tensor
img = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(x_data)
label = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(y_data)
# 计算模型输出
logits = model(img)
# 计算损失函数
loss = fluid.layers.softmax_with_cross_entropy(logits, label)
avg_loss = fluid.layers.mean(loss)
if batch_id % 1000 == 0:
print("epoch: {}, batch_id: {}, loss is: {}".format(epoch, batch_id, avg_loss.numpy()))
avg_loss.backward()
opt.minimize(avg_loss)
model.clear_gradients()
model.eval()
accuracies = []
losses = []
for batch_id, data in enumerate(valid_loader()):
# 调整输入数据形状和类型
x_data = np.array([item[0] for item in data], dtype='float32').reshape(-1, 1, 28, 28)
y_data = np.array([item[1] for item in data], dtype='int64').reshape(-1, 1)
# 将numpy.ndarray转化成Tensor
img = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(x_data)
label = fluid.dygraph.to_variable(y_data)
# 计算模型输出
logits = model(img)
pred = fluid.layers.softmax(logits)
# 计算损失函数
loss = fluid.layers.softmax_with_cross_entropy(logits, label)
acc = fluid.layers.accuracy(pred, label)
accuracies.append(acc.numpy())
losses.append(loss.numpy())
print("[validation] accuracy/loss: {}/{}".format(np.mean(accuracies), np.mean(losses)))
model.train()
# 保存模型参数
fluid.save_dygraph(model.state_dict(), 'mnist')
if __name__ == '__main__':
# 创建模型
with fluid.dygraph.guard():
model = LeNet(num_classes=10)
#启动训练过程
train(model)
start training ...
Cache file /home/aistudio/.cache/paddle/dataset/mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz not found, downloading https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/mnist/train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
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Cache file /home/aistudio/.cache/paddle/dataset/mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz not found, downloading https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/mnist/train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
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Cache file /home/aistudio/.cache/paddle/dataset/mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz not found, downloading https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/mnist/t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz
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Cache file /home/aistudio/.cache/paddle/dataset/mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz not found, downloading https://dataset.bj.bcebos.com/mnist/t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz
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epoch: 0, batch_id: 0, loss is: [2.4476852]
epoch: 0, batch_id: 1000, loss is: [2.2948332]
epoch: 0, batch_id: 2000, loss is: [2.334548]
epoch: 0, batch_id: 3000, loss is: [2.283103]
epoch: 0, batch_id: 4000, loss is: [2.2783697]
epoch: 0, batch_id: 5000, loss is: [2.3309145]
[validation] accuracy/loss: 0.10530000925064087/2.2899725437164307
epoch: 1, batch_id: 0, loss is: [2.2863708]
epoch: 1, batch_id: 1000, loss is: [2.276087]
epoch: 1, batch_id: 2000, loss is: [2.3081589]
epoch: 1, batch_id: 3000, loss is: [2.2395322]
epoch: 1, batch_id: 4000, loss is: [2.2013073]
epoch: 1, batch_id: 5000, loss is: [2.257289]
[validation] accuracy/loss: 0.554900050163269/2.004681348800659
epoch: 2, batch_id: 0, loss is: [1.9385501]
epoch: 2, batch_id: 1000, loss is: [1.5589781]
epoch: 2, batch_id: 2000, loss is: [1.3764482]
epoch: 2, batch_id: 3000, loss is: [0.8067332]
epoch: 2, batch_id: 4000, loss is: [0.6518642]
epoch: 2, batch_id: 5000, loss is: [0.77211165]
[validation] accuracy/loss: 0.8388999700546265/0.6187658905982971
epoch: 3, batch_id: 0, loss is: [0.41283408]
epoch: 3, batch_id: 1000, loss is: [0.40613115]
epoch: 3, batch_id: 2000, loss is: [0.4012765]
epoch: 3, batch_id: 3000, loss is: [0.15993488]
epoch: 3, batch_id: 4000, loss is: [0.27918053]
epoch: 3, batch_id: 5000, loss is: [0.23777664]
[validation] accuracy/loss: 0.9035999774932861/0.357360303401947
epoch: 4, batch_id: 0, loss is: [0.23886052]
epoch: 4, batch_id: 1000, loss is: [0.2531582]
epoch: 4, batch_id: 2000, loss is: [0.25078607]
epoch: 4, batch_id: 3000, loss is: [0.0727628]
epoch: 4, batch_id: 4000, loss is: [0.15234414]
epoch: 4, batch_id: 5000, loss is: [0.11065292]
[validation] accuracy/loss: 0.9294999241828918/0.25718018412590027