在使用Spring和SpringMVC的老版本进行开发时,我们需要配置很多的xml文件,非常的繁琐,总是让用户自行选择配置也是非常不好的。基于约定大于配置的规定,Spring提供了很多注解帮助我们简化了大量的xml配置;但是在使用SpringMVC时,我们还会使用到WEB-INF/web.xml,但实际上我们是完全可以使用Java类来取代xml配置的,这也是后来SpringBoott的实现原理。本篇就来看看Spring是如何实现完全的零XML配置。
先来看一下原始的web.xml配置:
<!DOCTYPE web-app PUBLIC
"-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Web Application 2.3//EN"
"http://java.sun.com/dtd/web-app_2_3.dtd" >
<web-app>
<context-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>
<!--加载spring配置-->
classpath:spring.xml
</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>webAppRootKey</param-name>
<param-value>ServicePlatform.root</param-value>
</context-param>
<listener>
<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
<!--<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener</listener-class>-->
</listener>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>spring-dispatcher</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<!--springmvc的配置文件-->
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>classpath:spring-dispatcher.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>0</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>spring-dispatcher</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
这里各个配置的作用简单说下,context-param是加载我们主的sping.xml配置,比如一些bean的配置和开启注解扫描等;listener是配置监听器,Tomcat启动会触发监听器调用;servlet则是配置我们自定义的Servlet实现,比如DispatcherServlet。还有其它很多配置就不一一说明了,在这里主要看到记住context-param和servlet配置,这是SpringIOC父子容器的体现。在之前的I文章中讲过IOC容器是以父子关系组织的,但估计大部分人都不能理解,除了看到复杂的继承体系,并没有看到父容器作用的体现,稍后来分析。
了解了配置,我们就需要思考如何替换掉这些繁琐的配置。实际上Tomcat提供了一个规范,有一个ServletContainerInitializer接口:
public interface ServletContainerInitializer {
void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> var1, ServletContext var2) throws ServletException;
}
Tomcat启动时会调用该接口实现类的onStartup方法,这个方法有两个参数,第二个不用说,主要是第一个参数什么?从哪里来?另外我们自定义的实现类又怎么让Tomcat调用呢?
首先解答最后一个问题,这里也是利用SPI来实现的,因此我们实现了该接口后,还需要在META-INF.services下配置。其次,这里传入的第一个参数也是我们自定义的扩展接口的实现类,我们可以通过我们自定义的接口实现很多需要在启动时做的事,比如加载Servlet,但是Tomcat又是怎么知道我们自定义的接口是哪个呢?这就需要用到@HandlesTypes注解,该注解就是标注在ServletContainerInitializer的实现类上,其值就是我们扩展的接口,这样Tomcat就知道需要传入哪个接口实现类到这个onStartup方法了。来看一个简单的实现:
@HandlesTypes(LoadServlet.class)
public class MyServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
@Override
public void onStartup(Set<Class<?>> set, ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
Iterator var4;
if (set != null) {
var4 = set.iterator();
while (var4.hasNext()) {
Class<?> clazz = (Class<?>) var4.next();
if (!clazz.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(clazz.getModifiers()) && LoadServlet.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
try {
((LoadServlet) clazz.newInstance()).loadOnstarp(servletContext);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
}
public interface LoadServlet {
void loadOnstarp(ServletContext servletContext);
}
public class LoadServletImpl implements LoadServlet {
@Override
public void loadOnstarp(ServletContext servletContext) {
ServletRegistration.Dynamic initServlet = servletContext.addServlet("initServlet", "org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet");
initServlet.setLoadOnStartup(1);
initServlet.addMapping("/init");
}
}
这就是Tomcat给我们提供的规范,通过这个规范我们就能实现Spring的零xml配置启动,直接来看Spring是如何做的。
根据上面所说我们可以在spring-web工程下找到META-INF/services/javax.servlet.ServletContainerInitializer配置:
@HandlesTypes(WebApplicationInitializer.class)
public class SpringServletContainerInitializer implements ServletContainerInitializer {
@Override
public void onStartup(@Nullable Set<Class<?>> webAppInitializerClasses, ServletContext servletContext)
throws ServletException {
List<WebApplicationInitializer> initializers = new LinkedList<>();
if (webAppInitializerClasses != null) {
for (Class<?> waiClass : webAppInitializerClasses) {
// Be defensive: Some servlet containers provide us with invalid classes,
// no matter what @HandlesTypes says...
if (!waiClass.isInterface() && !Modifier.isAbstract(waiClass.getModifiers()) &&
WebApplicationInitializer.class.isAssignableFrom(waiClass)) {
try {
initializers.add((WebApplicationInitializer)
ReflectionUtils.accessibleConstructor(waiClass).newInstance());
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new ServletException("Failed to instantiate WebApplicationInitializer class", ex);
}
}
}
}
if (initializers.isEmpty()) {
servletContext.log("No Spring WebApplicationInitializer types detected on classpath");
return;
}
servletContext.log(initializers.size() + " Spring WebApplicationInitializers detected on classpath");
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(initializers);
for (WebApplicationInitializer initializer : initializers) {
initializer.onStartup(servletContext);
}
}
}
核心的实现就是WebApplicationInitializer,先看看其继承体系
AbstractReactiveWebInitializer不用管,主要看另外一边,但是都是抽象类,也就是说真的实例也是由我们自己实现,但需要我们实现什么呢?我们一般直接继承AbstractAnnotationConfigDispatcherServletInitializer类,有四个抽象方法需要我们实现:
//父容器
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getRootConfigClasses() {
return new Class<?>[]{SpringContainer.class};
}
//SpringMVC配置子容器
@Override
protected Class<?>[] getServletConfigClasses() {
return new Class<?>[]{MvcContainer.class};
}
//获取DispatcherServlet的映射信息
@Override
protected String[] getServletMappings() {
return new String[]{"/"};
}
// filter配置
@Override
protected Filter[] getServletFilters() {
MyFilter myFilter = new MyFilter();
CorsFilter corsFilter = new CorsFilter();
return new Filter[]{myFilter,corsFilter};
}
这里主要注意getRootConfigClasses和getServletConfigClasses方法,分别加载父、子容器:
@ComponentScan(value = "com.dark",excludeFilters = {
@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes = {Controller.class})
})
public class SpringContainer {
}
@ComponentScan(value = "com.dark",includeFilters = {
@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ANNOTATION,classes = {Controller.class})
},useDefaultFilters = false)
public class MvcContainer {
}
看到这两个类上的注解应该不陌生了吧,父容器扫描装载了所有不带@Controller注解的类,子容器则相反,但需要对象时首先从当前容器中找,如果没有则从父容器中获取,为什么要这么设计呢?直接放到一个容器中不行么?先思考下, 稍后解答。
回到onStartup方法中,直接回调用到AbstractDispatcherServletInitializer类:
public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
super.onStartup(servletContext);
//注册DispatcherServlet
registerDispatcherServlet(servletContext);
}
先是调用父类:
public void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
registerContextLoaderListener(servletContext);
}
protected void registerContextLoaderListener(ServletContext servletContext) {
//创建spring上下文,注册了SpringContainer
WebApplicationContext rootAppContext = createRootApplicationContext();
if (rootAppContext != null) {
//创建监听器
ContextLoaderListener listener = new ContextLoaderListener(rootAppContext);
listener.setContextInitializers(getRootApplicationContextInitializers());
servletContext.addListener(listener);
}
}
然后调用createRootApplicationContext创建父容器:
protected WebApplicationContext createRootApplicationContext() {
Class<?>[] configClasses = getRootConfigClasses();
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) {
AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
context.register(configClasses);
return context;
}
else {
return null;
}
}
可以看到就是创建了一个AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext对象,并将我们的配置类SpringContainer注册了进去。接着创建Tomcat启动加载监听器ContextLoaderListener,该监听器有一个contextInitialized方法,会在Tomcat启动时调用。
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event) {
initWebApplicationContext(event.getServletContext());
}
*/
public WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext(ServletContext servletContext) {
long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
try {
// Store context in local instance variable, to guarantee that
// it is available on ServletContext shutdown.
if (this.context == null) {
this.context = createWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
}
if (this.context instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) this.context;
if (!cwac.isActive()) {
// The context has not yet been refreshed -> provide services such as
// setting the parent context, setting the application context id, etc
if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
// The context instance was injected without an explicit parent ->
// determine parent for root web application context, if any.
ApplicationContext parent = loadParentContext(servletContext);
cwac.setParent(parent);
}
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac, servletContext);
}
}
servletContext.setAttribute(WebApplicationContext.ROOT_WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, this.context);
ClassLoader ccl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader();
if (ccl == ContextLoader.class.getClassLoader()) {
currentContext = this.context;
}
else if (ccl != null) {
currentContextPerThread.put(ccl, this.context);
}
return this.context;
}
}
可以看到就是去初始化容器,这个和之前分析xml解析是一样的,主要注意这里封装了ServletContext对象,并将父容器设置到了该对象中。
父容器创建完成后自然就是子容器的创建,来到registerDispatcherServlet方法:
protected void registerDispatcherServlet(ServletContext servletContext) {
String servletName = getServletName();
Assert.hasLength(servletName, "getServletName() must not return null or empty");
//创建springmvc的上下文,注册了MvcContainer类
WebApplicationContext servletAppContext = createServletApplicationContext();
Assert.notNull(servletAppContext, "createServletApplicationContext() must not return null");
//创建DispatcherServlet
FrameworkServlet dispatcherServlet = createDispatcherServlet(servletAppContext);
Assert.notNull(dispatcherServlet, "createDispatcherServlet(WebApplicationContext) must not return null");
dispatcherServlet.setContextInitializers(getServletApplicationContextInitializers());
ServletRegistration.Dynamic registration = servletContext.addServlet(servletName, dispatcherServlet);
if (registration == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to register servlet with name '" + servletName + "'. " +
"Check if there is another servlet registered under the same name.");
}
/*
* 如果该元素的值为负数或者没有设置,则容器会当Servlet被请求时再加载。
如果值为正整数或者0时,表示容器在应用启动时就加载并初始化这个servlet,
值越小,servlet的优先级越高,就越先被加载
* */
registration.setLoadOnStartup(1);
registration.addMapping(getServletMappings());
registration.setAsyncSupported(isAsyncSupported());
Filter[] filters = getServletFilters();
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(filters)) {
for (Filter filter : filters) {
registerServletFilter(servletContext, filter);
}
}
customizeRegistration(registration);
}
protected WebApplicationContext createServletApplicationContext() {
AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext();
Class<?>[] configClasses = getServletConfigClasses();
if (!ObjectUtils.isEmpty(configClasses)) {
context.register(configClasses);
}
return context;
}
这里也是创建了一个AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext对象,不同的只是这里注册的配置类就是我们的Servlet配置了。然后创建了DispatcherServlet对象,并将上下文对象设置了进去。看到这你可能会疑惑,既然父子容器创建的都是相同类的对象,何来的父子容器之说?别急,这个在初始化该上文时就明白了。但是这里的初始化入口在哪呢?没有看到任何监听器的创建和调用。实际上这里的上下文对象初始化是在Servlet初始化时实现的,即init方法,直接来到HttpServletBean的init方法(分析SpringMVC源码时讲过):
public final void init() throws ServletException {
...省略
// Let subclasses do whatever initialization they like.
initServletBean();
}
protected final void initServletBean() throws ServletException {
try {
this.webApplicationContext = initWebApplicationContext();
initFrameworkServlet();
}
}
protected WebApplicationContext initWebApplicationContext() {
//这里会从servletContext中获取到父容器,就是通过监听器加载的容器
WebApplicationContext rootContext =
WebApplicationContextUtils.getWebApplicationContext(getServletContext());
WebApplicationContext wac = null;
if (this.webApplicationContext != null) {
// A context instance was injected at construction time -> use it
wac = this.webApplicationContext;
if (wac instanceof ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) {
ConfigurableWebApplicationContext cwac = (ConfigurableWebApplicationContext) wac;
if (!cwac.isActive()) {
if (cwac.getParent() == null) {
cwac.setParent(rootContext);
}
//容器加载
configureAndRefreshWebApplicationContext(cwac);
}
}
}
if (wac == null) {
wac = findWebApplicationContext();
}
if (wac == null) {
wac = createWebApplicationContext(rootContext);
}
if (!this.refreshEventReceived) {
synchronized (this.onRefreshMonitor) {
onRefresh(wac);
}
}
if (this.publishContext) {
// Publish the context as a servlet context attribute.
String attrName = getServletContextAttributeName();
getServletContext().setAttribute(attrName, wac);
}
return wac;
}
看到这里想你也应该明白了,首先从ServletContext中拿到父容器,然后设置到当前容器的parent中,实现了父子容器的组织,而这样设计好处我想也是很清楚的,子容器目前装载的都是MVC的配置和Bean,简单点说就是Controller,父容器中都是Service,Controller是依赖于Service的,如果不构建这样的层级关系并优先实例化父容器,你怎么实现Controller层的依赖注入成功呢?
本篇结合之前的文章,分析了SpringMVC零XML配置的实现原理,也补充了之前未分析到父子容器关系,让我们能从细节上更加全面的理解SpringIOC的实现原理,相信看完本篇对于SpringBoot的实现你也会有自己的想法。