Pytest单元测试系列[v1.0.0][pytest插件常用技巧]

使用pytest-xdist并发执行测试

pytest-xdist：Run Tests in Parallel

[https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest-xdist]
在自动化测试中有些资源只能同时被一个测试用例访问，如果不需要同时使用同一个资源，那么测试用例便可以并行执行
执行命令pip install pytest-xdist安装插件

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pip install pytest-xdist
Collecting pytest-xdist
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/9f/cc/371b2e6dfbf4e8df07b04e310dd6ea0b3f367e257d1e6cb516b25bc4af1b/pytest_xdist-1.29.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting pytest-forked (from pytest-xdist)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3f/55/ef92c340e723495dbee91d749903d2b7950b49c501943296257246d7d880/pytest_forked-1.0.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: six in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest-xdist) (1.12.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pytest>=4.4.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest-xdist) (4.5.0)
Collecting execnet>=1.1 (from pytest-xdist)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/77/1a/f69e1f73bc36f55d3273afd1c52936def71ac67d9c5215be3a4ca3a45577/execnet-1.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\davieyang\appdata\roaming\python\python37\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (41.0.1)
Requirement already satisfied: py>=1.5.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (1.8.0)
Requirement already satisfied: colorama; sys_platform == "win32" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.4.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (19.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pluggy!=0.10,<1.0,>=0.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (0.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: atomicwrites>=1.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: wcwidth in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (0.1.7)
Requirement already satisfied: more-itertools>=4.0.0; python_version > "2.7" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=4.4.0->pytest-xdist) (7.0.0)
Collecting apipkg>=1.4 (from execnet>=1.1->pytest-xdist)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/67/08/4815a09603fc800209431bec5b8bd2acf2f95abdfb558a44a42507fb94da/apipkg-1.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: pytest-forked, apipkg, execnet, pytest-xdist
Successfully installed apipkg-1.5 execnet-1.6.0 pytest-forked-1.0.2 pytest-xdist-1.29.0

使用pytest-xdist执行测试

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -n auto
================================ test session starts ================================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
plugins: xdist-1.29.0, repeat-0.8.0, forked-1.0.2, allure-pytest-2.6.3
gw0 [17] / gw1 [17] / gw2 [17] / gw3 [17]
...........FF..F.                                                                                                                                                    [100%]
=========================== FAILURES ================================================
________________________________________ test_true ____________________________________________
[gw2] win32 -- Python 3.7.3 c:\python37\python.exe

    def test_true():
>       assert not is_prime(7)
E       assert not True
E        +  where True = is_prime(7)

test_asserts.py:65: AssertionError
__________________________________________ test_add4 ___________________________________________
[gw3] win32 -- Python 3.7.3 c:\python37\python.exe

    def test_add4():
>       assert add(17,22) >= 50
E       assert 39 >= 50
E        +  where 39 = add(17, 22)

test_asserts.py:34: AssertionError
______________________________ test_not_equal _____________________________________________
[gw1] win32 -- Python 3.7.3 c:\python37\python.exe

    def test_not_equal():
>       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E         At index 0 diff: 1 != 3
E         Use -v to get the full diff

test_one.py:9: AssertionError
============================== 3 failed, 14 passed, 4 warnings in 2.20 seconds ===============================

参数说明

-n auto 自动侦测系统里的CPU数目
-n numprocesses 指定运行测试的处理器进程数

使用pytest-repeat重复执行用例

pytest-repeat：Run Tests More Than Once

运行命令pip install pytest-repeat[https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest-repeat]

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pip install pytest-repeat
Collecting pytest-repeat
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/2e/de/c1d69002db74a99b3df0463e95066c03d82d9d2a53be738c140207134e0f/pytest_repeat-0.8.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: pytest>=3.6 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest-repeat) (4.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.4.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (19.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pluggy!=0.10,<1.0,>=0.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (0.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: wcwidth in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (0.1.7)
Requirement already satisfied: more-itertools>=4.0.0; python_version > "2.7" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (7.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: py>=1.5.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (1.8.0)
Requirement already satisfied: colorama; sys_platform == "win32" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\davieyang\appdata\roaming\python\python37\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (41.0.1)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.10.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (1.12.0)
Requirement already satisfied: atomicwrites>=1.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6->pytest-repeat) (1.3.0)
Installing collected packages: pytest-repeat
Successfully installed pytest-repeat-0.8.0

执行测试，运行命令pytest --count=2 -v

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --count=2 -v
======================== test session starts==============================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0 -- c:\python37\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
plugins: repeat-0.8.0, allure-pytest-2.6.3
collected 34 items                                                                                                                                                         

test_asserts.py::test_add[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                [  2%]
test_asserts.py::test_add[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                [  5%]
test_asserts.py::test_add2[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                               [  8%]
test_asserts.py::test_add2[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                               [ 11%]
test_asserts.py::test_add3[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                               [ 14%]
test_asserts.py::test_add3[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                               [ 17%]
test_asserts.py::test_add4[1-2] FAILED                                                                                                                               [ 20%]
test_asserts.py::test_add4[2-2] FAILED                                                                                                                               [ 23%]
test_asserts.py::test_in[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                 [ 26%]
test_asserts.py::test_in[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                 [ 29%]
test_asserts.py::test_not_in[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                             [ 32%]
test_asserts.py::test_not_in[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                             [ 35%]
test_asserts.py::test_true[1-2] FAILED                                                                                                                               [ 38%]
test_asserts.py::test_true[2-2] FAILED                                                                                                                               [ 41%]
test_fixture1.py::test_numbers_3_4[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                       [ 44%]
test_fixture1.py::test_numbers_3_4[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                       [ 47%]
test_fixture1.py::test_strings_a_3[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                       [ 50%]
test_fixture1.py::test_strings_a_3[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                       [ 52%]
test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_numbers_5_6[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                               [ 55%]
test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_numbers_5_6[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                               [ 58%]
test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_strings_b_2[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                               [ 61%]
test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_strings_b_2[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                               [ 64%]
test_one.py::test_equal[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                  [ 67%]
test_one.py::test_equal[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                  [ 70%]
test_one.py::test_not_equal[1-2] FAILED                                                                                                                              [ 73%]
test_one.py::test_not_equal[2-2] FAILED                                                                                                                              [ 76%]
test_two.py::test_default[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                [ 79%]
test_two.py::test_default[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                [ 82%]
test_two.py::test_member_access[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                          [ 85%]
test_two.py::test_member_access[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                          [ 88%]
test_two.py::test_asdict[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                 [ 91%]
test_two.py::test_asdict[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                 [ 94%]
test_two.py::test_replace[1-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                [ 97%]
test_two.py::test_replace[2-2] PASSED                                                                                                                                [100%]

============================================ FAILURES ====================================
________________________________ test_add4[1-2] _______________________________________

    def test_add4():
>       assert add(17,22) >= 50
E       assert 39 >= 50
E        +  where 39 = add(17, 22)

test_asserts.py:34: AssertionError
_________________________ test_add4[2-2] ______________________________________________

    def test_add4():
>       assert add(17,22) >= 50
E       assert 39 >= 50
E        +  where 39 = add(17, 22)

test_asserts.py:34: AssertionError
________________________ test_true[1-2] __________________________________________

    def test_true():
>       assert not is_prime(7)
E       assert not True
E        +  where True = is_prime(7)

test_asserts.py:65: AssertionError
____________________________ test_true[2-2] ______________________________________________

    def test_true():
>       assert not is_prime(7)
E       assert not True
E        +  where True = is_prime(7)

test_asserts.py:65: AssertionError
__________________________ test_not_equal[1-2] ____________________________________________

    def test_not_equal():
>       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E         At index 0 diff: 1 != 3
E         Full diff:
E         - (1, 2, 3)
E         ?  ^     ^
E         + (3, 2, 1)
E         ?  ^     ^

test_one.py:9: AssertionError
_________________________________ test_not_equal[2-2] ____________________________________

    def test_not_equal():
>       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E         At index 0 diff: 1 != 3
E         Full diff:
E         - (1, 2, 3)
E         ?  ^     ^
E         + (3, 2, 1)
E         ?  ^     ^

test_one.py:9: AssertionError
=================== 6 failed, 28 passed, 1 warnings in 0.77 seconds =======================

可与重复一个测试子集，后者某一个测试，甚至可以让他在晚上重复执行N次，同时可以让他遇到错误就停止

使用pytest-instafail查看详细堆栈信息

当测试执行遇到失败或错误时能及时看到详细的堆栈信息

pytest-instafail：See Details of Failures and Errors

[https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest-instafail]
执行命令pip install pytest-instafail安装插件

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pip install pytest-instafail
Collecting pytest-instafail
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/fa/16/473621ad68cc2a1cb2888478e66db5080a06adf695470c8dd4ec669c25d5/pytest-instafail-0.4.1.tar.gz
Requirement already satisfied: pytest>=2.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest-instafail) (4.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.4.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (19.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: more-itertools>=4.0.0; python_version > "2.7" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (7.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.10.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (1.12.0)
Requirement already satisfied: atomicwrites>=1.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\davieyang\appdata\roaming\python\python37\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (41.0.1)
Requirement already satisfied: pluggy!=0.10,<1.0,>=0.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (0.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: colorama; sys_platform == "win32" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: wcwidth in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (0.1.7)
Requirement already satisfied: py>=1.5.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-instafail) (1.8.0)
Building wheels for collected packages: pytest-instafail
  Building wheel for pytest-instafail (setup.py) ... done
  Stored in directory: C:\Users\davieyang\AppData\Local\pip\Cache\wheels\16\cb\de\3a1d2f5c992fedf9a86b8eead949a606a6c953228ac1fe0655
Successfully built pytest-instafail
Installing collected packages: pytest-instafail
Successfully installed pytest-instafail-0.4.1

通常情况下，pytest执行完毕后，会显示错误和失败用例的堆栈信息，如果测试用例比较多，运行时间太长，很可能我们希望不是到最才看到堆栈回溯信息，使用此插件便可以测试执行失败立马显示异常信息

执行测试

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --tb=line --instafail
========================= test session starts ========================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
plugins: xdist-1.29.0, timeout-1.3.3, repeat-0.8.0, instafail-0.4.1, forked-1.0.2, allure-pytest-2.6.3
collected 17 items                                                                                                                                                         

test_asserts.py ...F

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts\test_asserts.py:34: assert 39 >= 50

test_asserts.py ..F

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts\test_asserts.py:65: assert not True

test_fixture1.py ..                                                                                                                                                  [ 52%]
test_fixture2.py ..                                                                                                                                                  [ 64%]
test_one.py .F

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts\test_one.py:9: assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)

test_two.py ....                                                                                                                                                     [100%]
=================== 3 failed, 14 passed, 1 warnings in 0.32 seconds =======================

使用pytest-timeout设置执行测试的时限

pytest-timeout：Put Time Limits on Your Tests

[https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest-time]
运行命令pip install pytest-timeout，安装插件

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pip install pytest-timeout
Collecting pytest-timeout
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/58/92/f60ea2e27074d6f97c8aaf21e34d1f838eb623e4b8070680846c65318a10/pytest_timeout-1.3.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: pytest>=3.6.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest-timeout) (4.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.4.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (19.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: atomicwrites>=1.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.10.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (1.12.0)
Requirement already satisfied: py>=1.5.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (1.8.0)
Requirement already satisfied: more-itertools>=4.0.0; python_version > "2.7" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (7.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: colorama; sys_platform == "win32" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: wcwidth in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (0.1.7)
Requirement already satisfied: pluggy!=0.10,<1.0,>=0.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (0.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\davieyang\appdata\roaming\python\python37\site-packages (from pytest>=3.6.0->pytest-timeout) (41.0.1)
Installing collected packages: pytest-timeout
Successfully installed pytest-timeout-1.3.3

执行命令pytest --timeout=0.1

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --timeout=0.1
======================== test session starts =============================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
plugins: xdist-1.29.0, timeout-1.3.3, repeat-0.8.0, forked-1.0.2, allure-pytest-2.6.3
timeout: 0.1s
timeout method: thread
timeout func_only: False
collected 17 items                                                                                                                                                         

test_asserts.py ...F..F                                                                                                                                              [ 41%]
test_fixture1.py ..                                                                                                                                                  [ 52%]
test_fixture2.py ..                                                                                                                                                  [ 64%]
test_one.py .F                                                                                                                                                       [ 76%]
test_two.py ....                                                                                                                                                     [100%]

================================== FAILURES ===============================================
_________________________________ test_add4 ______________________________________________

    def test_add4():
>       assert add(17,22) >= 50
E       assert 39 >= 50
E        +  where 39 = add(17, 22)

test_asserts.py:34: AssertionError
______________________________ test_true ______________________________________________

    def test_true():
>       assert not is_prime(7)
E       assert not True
E        +  where True = is_prime(7)

test_asserts.py:65: AssertionError
________________________________ test_not_equal _________________________________________

    def test_not_equal():
>       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E         At index 0 diff: 1 != 3
E         Use -v to get the full diff

test_one.py:9: AssertionError

==================== 3 failed, 14 passed, 1 warnings in 0.32 seconds ======================

使用Tox在多环境下的用例执行

tox 测试多种配置

tox是个命令行工具，它允许测试在多种环境下运行，不仅仅是不同的python版本，可以以用它来测试不同的依赖配置和不同的操作系统配置，其工作方式是通过setup.py文件为待测程序创建源码安装包，他会查看tox.ini中的所有环境设置，并针对每个环境设置执行如下操作

安装tox

C:\Users\davieyang>pip install tox
Collecting tox
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a7/0c/ed234b83d2c4fcef1cfccf97371183d51dafae62e64334de34d0a6333114/tox-3.14.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting importlib-metadata<1,>=0.12; python_version < "3.8" (from tox)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f6/d2/40b3fa882147719744e6aa50ac39cf7a22a913cbcba86a0371176c425a3b/importlib_metadata-0.23-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: py<2,>=1.4.17 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from tox) (1.8.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six<2,>=1.0.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from tox) (1.12.0)
Collecting toml>=0.9.4 (from tox)
  Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a2/12/ced7105d2de62fa7c8fb5fce92cc4ce66b57c95fb875e9318dba7f8c5db0/toml-0.10.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=14 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from tox) (19.0)
Collecting filelock<4,>=3.0.0 (from tox)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/93/83/71a2ee6158bb9f39a90c0dea1637f81d5eef866e188e1971a1b1ab01a35a/filelock-3.0.12-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting virtualenv>=14.0.0 (from tox)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8b/12/8d4f45b8962b03ac9efefe5ed5053f6b29334d83e438b4fe379d21c0cb8e/virtualenv-16.7.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl (3.3MB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 3.3MB 9.9kB/s
Collecting pluggy<1,>=0.12.0 (from tox)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/92/c7/48439f7d5fd6bddb4c04b850bb862b42e3e2b98570040dfaf68aedd8114b/pluggy-0.13.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting zipp>=0.5 (from importlib-metadata<1,>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"->tox)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/74/3d/1ee25a26411ba0401b43c6376d2316a71addcc72ef8690b101b4ea56d76a/zipp-0.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing>=2.0.2 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from packaging>=14->tox) (2.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: more-itertools in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from zipp>=0.5->importlib-metadata<1,>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"->tox) (7.0.0)
Installing collected packages: zipp, importlib-metadata, toml, filelock, virtualenv, pluggy, tox
  Found existing installation: pluggy 0.11.0
    Uninstalling pluggy-0.11.0:
      Successfully uninstalled pluggy-0.11.0
Successfully installed filelock-3.0.12 importlib-metadata-0.23 pluggy-0.13.0 toml-0.10.0 tox-3.14.0 virtualenv-16.7.5 zipp-0.6.0

配置tox.ini

• 在tox目录下创建一个虚拟环境
• 使用pip安装依赖包
• 使用pip在步骤1的虚拟环境中安装自己的程序包
• 运行测试用例
• 所有环境都测试完成后，tox生成一个汇总的测试结果
  在项目文件最顶层添加tox.ini文件（与setup.py放在一个目录里），然后在tox.ini文件里写入如下内容

 ;---
; Excerpted from "Python Testing with pytest",
; published by The Pragmatic Bookshelf.
; Copyrights apply to this code. It may not be used to create training material,
; courses, books, articles, and the like. Contact us if you are in doubt.
; We make no guarantees that this code is fit for any purpose.
; Visit http://www.pragmaticprogrammer.com/titles/bopytest for more book information.
;---
# tox.ini , put in same dir as setup.py

[tox]
envlist = py27,py37

[testenv]
deps=pytest
commands=pytest

[pytest]
addopts = -rsxX -l --tb=short --strict
markers = 
  smoke: Run the smoke test test functions
  get: Run the test functions that test tasks.get()

选项	描述
envlist=py27,py36	表示使用python2.7和python3.6来运行测试用例
deps=pytest	表示让tox确保pytest已经安装，如果有多个依赖还可以继续以相同方式罗列，并且还可以指定版本
commands=pytest	告诉tox在每个环境里运行pytest

执行tox

然后在tox.ini所在路径下执行tox命令即可，它会使用指定的两个环境执行该路径下tests文件夹内的所有测试用例。

(venv) E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\SourceCode\ch7\tasks_proj_v2>tox
GLOB sdist-make: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\SourceCode\ch7\tasks_proj_v2\setup.py
py37 create: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\SourceCode\ch7\tasks_proj_v2\.tox\py37
py37 installdeps: pytest
......
----------------------------------Summary----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
py27: commands succeeded
py36: commands succeeded
congratulations :)

使用pytest-sugar让测试结果更有趣

pytest-sugar: instafail+Colors+Progress Bar

使用命令pip install pytest-sugar安装插件

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pip install pytest-sugar
Collecting pytest-sugar
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/da/3b/f1e3c8830860c1df8f0e0f6713932475141210cfa021e362ca2774d2bf02/pytest_sugar-0.9.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: pytest>=2.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest-sugar) (4.5.0)
Collecting packaging>=14.1 (from pytest-sugar)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/91/32/58bc30e646e55eab8b21abf89e353f59c0cc02c417e42929f4a9546e1b1d/packaging-19.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting termcolor>=1.1.0 (from pytest-sugar)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/8a/48/a76be51647d0eb9f10e2a4511bf3ffb8cc1e6b14e9e4fab46173aa79f981/termcolor-1.1.0.tar.gz
Requirement already satisfied: atomicwrites>=1.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (1.3.0)
Requirement already satisfied: wcwidth in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (0.1.7)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=17.4.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (19.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.10.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (1.12.0)
Requirement already satisfied: colorama; sys_platform == "win32" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (0.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: py>=1.5.0 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (1.8.0)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\davieyang\appdata\roaming\python\python37\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (41.0.1)
Requirement already satisfied: pluggy!=0.10,<1.0,>=0.9 in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (0.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: more-itertools>=4.0.0; python_version > "2.7" in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (from pytest>=2.9->pytest-sugar) (7.0.0)
Collecting pyparsing>=2.0.2 (from packaging>=14.1->pytest-sugar)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/dd/d9/3ec19e966301a6e25769976999bd7bbe552016f0d32b577dc9d63d2e0c49/pyparsing-2.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (62kB)
    100% |████████████████████████████████| 71kB 19kB/s
Building wheels for collected packages: termcolor
  Building wheel for termcolor (setup.py) ... done
  Stored in directory: C:\Users\davieyang\AppData\Local\pip\Cache\wheels\7c\06\54\bc84598ba1daf8f970247f550b175aaaee85f68b4b0c5ab2c6
Successfully built termcolor
Installing collected packages: pyparsing, packaging, termcolor, pytest-sugar
Successfully installed packaging-19.0 pyparsing-2.4.0 pytest-sugar-0.9.2 termcolor-1.1.0

执行测试

E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest
Test session starts (platform: win32, Python 3.7.3, pytest 4.5.0, pytest-sugar 0.9.2)
rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
plugins: xdist-1.29.0, timeout-1.3.3, sugar-0.9.2, repeat-0.8.0, instafail-0.4.1, forked-1.0.2, allure-pytest-2.6.3
collecting ... 
 test_asserts.py ✓                                                                                                                                             6% ▋
 test_asserts.py ✓✓                                                                                                                                           12% █▎
 test_asserts.py ✓✓✓                                                                                                                                          18% █▊
     
――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――test_add4――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

    def test_add4():
>       assert add(17,22) >= 50
E       assert 39 >= 50
E        +  where 39 = add(17, 22)

test_asserts.py:34: AssertionError

 test_asserts.py ⨯                                                                                                                                            24% ██▍
 test_asserts.py ⨯✓                                                                                                                                           29% ██▉
 test_asserts.py ⨯✓✓                                                                                                                                          35% ███▌
      

――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― test_true――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

    def test_true():
>       assert not is_prime(7)
E       assert not True
E        +  where True = is_prime(7)

test_asserts.py:65: AssertionError

 test_asserts.py ⨯                                                                                                                                            41% ████▎
     
 test_fixture1.py ✓                                                                                                                                           47% ████
 test_fixture1.py ✓✓                                                                                                                                          53% ████
█▍    
 test_fixture2.py ✓                                                                                                                                           59% ████
 test_fixture2.py ✓✓                                                                                                                                          65% ████
██▌   
 test_one.py ✓                                                                                                                                                71% ████
███▏  

―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― test_not_equal ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――

    def test_not_equal():
>       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E       assert (1, 2, 3) == (3, 2, 1)
E         At index 0 diff: 1 != 3
E         Use -v to get the full diff

test_one.py:9: AssertionError

 test_one.py ⨯                                                                                                                                                76% █████
██▋  
 test_two.py ✓                                                                                                                                                82% ████
 test_two.py ✓✓                                                                                                                                               88% ████
 test_two.py ✓✓✓                                                                                                                                              94% ███
 test_two.py ✓✓✓✓                                                                                                                                            100% ███
███████
==================================== warnings summary ===================================
c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.run_these_cases - is this a typo?  You can register custom mar
ks to avoid this warning - for details, see https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/mark.html
    PytestUnknownMarkWarning,

-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html

Results (0.47s):
      14 passed
       3 failed
         - test_asserts.py:33 test_add4
         - test_asserts.py:64 test_true
         - test_one.py:8 test_not_equal

使用PDB在测试失败时开启调试模式

PDB试失败的测试用例

--pdb是Python标准库里的调试模块，在pytest里，可以使用–pdb选项在测试失败是开启调试的交互模式

(venv) E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --pdb -v -x --lf
========================== test session starts =====================================
platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0 -- c:\python37\python.exe
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile: pytest.ini
plugins: xdist-1.29.0, timeout-1.3.3, repeat-0.8.0, nice-0.1.0, instafail-0.4.1, forked-1.0.2, emoji-0.2.0, allure-pytest-2.6.3
collected 119 items                                                                                                                                                        
run-last-failure: no previously failed tests, not deselecting items.

test_api_exceptions.py::TestAdd::test_missing_summary PASSED                                                                                                         [  0%]
test_api_exceptions.py::TestAdd::test_done_not_bool FAILED                                                                                                           [  1%]
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> traceback >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

self = <TestScripts.test_api_exceptions.TestAdd object at 0x0000000CEEA430F0>

    def test_done_not_bool(self):
        """Should raise an exception if done is not a bool."""
        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
>           tasks.add(Task(summary='summary', done='True'))
E           Failed: DID NOT RAISE <class 'ValueError'>

test_api_exceptions.py:19: Failed
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> entering PDB >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
> e:\programs\python\python_pytest\testscripts\test_api_exceptions.py(19)test_done_not_bool()
-> tasks.add(Task(summary='summary', done='True'))
(Pdb)

加上了--pdb参数的执行结果，我们看到最后进入了(Pdb)的交互模式，(Pdb)提示符出现了，表明可以使用pdb的交互调试功能

参数	介绍
p/print expr	输出expr的值
pp expr	美化输出expr的值
l/list	列出错误并显示错误之前和之后的5行代码
l/list begin,end	列出错误，并通过行号指定需要显示的代码区域
a/args	打印当前函数的参数列表（断点发生在帮助函数中会很实用）
u/up	移动到堆栈的上一层
d/down	移动到堆栈的下一层
q/quit	退出当前调试会话
更多的pdb使用方法可参考PDB详细的使用方法