云计算与大数据时代,分布式、高并发是Java程序员面临的难题,其中Thread类的复杂性,往往让人摸不着头脑,学习《Java多线程编程核心技术》,对于初学者确实是一本入门宝典。
一、interrupt、interrupted和isInterrupted方法的差异
- interrupt仅是为调用线程打了一个停止标记,并不影响其正常运行;如果调用线程为阻塞状态,中断标记由true变为false,且发出InterruptedException异常;
- interrupted判断当前运行线程是否为中断状态,有则清除停止标记,即设为false;
- isInterrupted判断调用线程是否为中断状态,不清楚停止标记;
package DayCode;
/**
* @author Ethan
* @desc
*/
public class InterruptTest {
static class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
for(int i = 0;i < 3;i++){
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().interrupted());
System.out.println("i : "+(i+1));
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
t.interrupt();
Thread.currentThread().sleep(1);
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
System.out.println("是否停止1: "+t.interrupted());
System.out.println("是否停止1: "+Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
System.out.println("是否停止2: "+t.isInterrupted());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
}
true //interrupted方法返回当前运行线程t的中断标记,如果中断标记为true,返回true后,更改为false
i : 1
是否停止1: true //当前运行线程main被中断,返回true,更新为false
false //中断标记为false
是否停止1: false //当前运行线程的isInterrupted方法为false
i : 2
false //中断标记为false
是否停止2: false //t运行结束,则为false
i : 3
二、sleep与interrupt方法的先后顺序
- 无论是先sleep后interrupt,或是顺序切换,中断状态均会被清除;
public class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
try {
for(int i=0;i < 200000;i++){
System.out.println("i : "+(i+1));
}
Thread.sleep(5000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("睡眠中中断状态是否清除: "+this.isInterrupted());
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
t.interrupt(); // 先中断后睡眠
} catch (Exception e) {
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
}
i : 199999
i : 200000
睡眠中中断状态是否清除: false
java.lang.InterruptedException: sleep interrupted
at java.lang.Thread.sleep(Native Method)
at javaBasic.MyThread.run(MyThread.java:11)
三、加锁后被暂停,程序卡顿
- suspend方法,虽然已经被deprecated,学习其工作原理;
- suspend与resume联合使用,容易造成数据不一致的情况;
public class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
super.run();
try {
for(int i=0;i < 200000;i++){
System.out.println("i : "+(i+1));
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Run {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
MyThread t = new MyThread();
t.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
t.suspend();
System.out.println("共享对象加锁被停止后,被独占");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.getStackTrace();
}
}
}
// 程序停顿在此,无法继续执行
i : 109178
i : 109179
i : 109180
i : 109181
i : 109182
// 加锁后被暂停,println方法不能被使用,知道resume恢复后继续执行
public void println(String x) {
synchronized (this) {
print(x);
newLine();
}
}
四、常用概念小结
- 守护线程
Dameon的作用是为其他线程提供便利,一旦没有其他线程工作,则伴随JVM一起停止,常见的是JVM垃圾回收线程; - 优先级
线程的优先级具有继承性、规则性和随机性,意味着CPU会提供更多的时间为其服务;高优先级的任务会大部分先执行完,不代表会全部先执行完; - 常用的方法
yield():放弃CPU资源,让给其他任务,放弃时间未知;
isAlive():判断当前线程是否是存活状态;
concurrentThread():判断当前线程; - 线程状态(常用五种、细分七种)
五、等待通知机制
- wait和notify方法使用前,均需要获得对象锁,即二者须使用在同步语句中;
- wait方法执行后,释放对象锁,进入阻塞状态;此时调用该进程的interrupt方法,抛出java.lang.InterruptedException异常;
- notify方法执行后,从该同步对象的阻塞队列中唤醒一个线程(每个对象具有一个就绪队列和一个阻塞队列);notify执行完所在的同步语句后,线程才被真正唤醒;(notifyAll唤醒多个线程)
public class Add {
private String lock;
private ArrayList list;
public Add(String lock,ArrayList list){
this.lock = lock;
this.list = list;
}
public void add() {
synchronized(lock){
list.add("Hello World");
lock.notifyAll();;
}
}
}
public class Substract {
private String lock;
private ArrayList list;
public Substract(String lock,ArrayList list){
this.lock = lock;
this.list = list;
}
public void substract(){
try {
synchronized(lock){
while(list.size() == 0){
System.out.println("begin : "+System.currentTimeMillis());
lock.wait();
System.out.println("end : "+System.currentTimeMillis());
}
list.remove(0);
System.out.println("The operation is done now");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadAdd extends Thread{
private Add p;
public ThreadAdd(Add p){
super();
this.p = p;
}
@Override
public void run() {
p.add();
}
}
public class ThreadSubstract extends Thread{
private Substract s;
public ThreadSubstract(Substract s){
super();
this.s = s;
}
@Override
public void run() {
s.substract();
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
String lock = new String("");
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
Add p = new Add(lock,list);
Substract s = new Substract(lock,list);
ThreadSubstract ts1 = new ThreadSubstract(s);
ts1.start();
ThreadSubstract ts2 = new ThreadSubstract(s);
ts2.start();
// ts1.interrupt();
Thread.sleep(1000);
ThreadAdd ta = new ThreadAdd(p);
ta.start();
}
}
// 执行结果
begin : 1499092455187 // ts1执行wait方法阻塞
begin : 1499092455187 // ts2执行wait方法阻塞
end : 1499092456188 // list添加后执行notifyAll,ts1或者ts2抢先执行后删除list中元素
The operation is done now
end : 1499092456188 // 未结束的线程一直在循环执行
begin : 1499092456188
- 因为synchronized同步语句执行退出后,会将最新值从主内存刷新到线程的工作内存中,同理,在开始执行synchronized语句获得对象锁前,将主内存中的最新值刷新到工作内存中,所以list的大小实现同步;
六、join方法
- 作用
将指定线程添加到当前线程;
调用iterrupt方法,直接抛出中断异常(直接原因与wait方法相同);
a.join(); // b线程调用a的join方法,等待直到a运行结束
a.join(1000); //b线程调用a的join方法,等待1s
- 源码(需获取对象锁,无法获取直接等待)
public final synchronized void join(long millis)
throws InterruptedException {
long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
long now = 0;
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (millis == 0) {
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
} else {
while (isAlive()) {
long delay = millis - now;
if (delay <= 0) {
break;
}
wait(delay);
now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
}
}
}
- 代码测试
public class ThreadA extends Thread{
@Override
synchronized public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("begin A : ThreadName--"+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("end A : ThreadName--"+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class TestJoin {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
ThreadA ta = new ThreadA();
ta.start();
ta.join(1000);
System.out.println("main end -- " + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
// 测试结果,main线程无法获取锁对象只能等待,且执行时间为5秒而不是6秒
begin A : ThreadName--Thread-01499224208429
end A : ThreadName--Thread-01499224213429
main end -- 1499224213429
- join后面代码提前运行解释
public class ThreadA extends Thread{
private ThreadB tb;
public ThreadA(ThreadB tb){
super();
this.tb = tb;
}
@Override
public void run() {
synchronized(tb){
try {
System.out.println("begin A : ThreadName--"+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("end A : ThreadName--"+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread{
@Override
synchronized public void run() {
super.run();
try {
System.out.println("begin B : ThreadName--"+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("end B : ThreadName--"+
Thread.currentThread().getName()+System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class TestJoin {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
ThreadB tb = new ThreadB();
ThreadA ta = new ThreadA(tb);
ta.start();
tb.start();
//参见源码,快速释放锁,出现ta、tb和tb.join抢占锁,出现多种情况
tb.join(2000);
System.out.println("main end -- " + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
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