【人物百科】
Ungarétti, Giuseppe. 朱塞培·翁加雷蒂(1888 - 1970)
意大利现代诗人、记者、散文家、评论家。与蒙塔莱、夸西莫多并称意大利隐逸派诗歌三杰。
1888年出生在埃及亚历山大的一个意大利侨民家庭，在非洲度过童年和少年。1912年赴巴黎求学。第一次世界大战期间，应征入伍，战后返回巴黎。
Giuseppe Ungaretti was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1888, and lived in North Africa as a youth. He studied in Paris before serving in the Italian infantry during World War I. His poetry was influenced by the nomadic culture of North Africa, by the friendships he formed with the literary and avant-garde circles of Paris, and by his European war experiences.
Ungaretti's early poetry, written in the trenches of WWI, dealt with love and the precariousness of life. Later, when influenced by the French symbolists, he inaugurated the Hermeticism movement in poetry. He pioneered the Modernist movement in Italian poetry and is widely regarded as one of the leading Italian poets of the twentieth century. His poetry is sparse and intense, contains elaborate rhetorical structures, and is renowned for its powerful insights and emotions.
After World War II, Ungaretti's writing returned to the traditional meters of Italian poetry, and he wrote many erotic and religious poems. He also wrote essays and translated the works of Shakespeare, Racine, and others into Italian.
Ungaretti taught at the University of São Paolo in Brazil between the two world wars, then accepted a literary chair at the University of Rome in 1942. He died in Italy in 1970. His works are collected in twelve volumes under the title Vita d’un uomo (Life of a Man). A good English translation of his poetry is Allen Mandelbaum’s Selected Poems, published in 1975.
http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-ungaretti/
朱塞培·翁加雷蒂早年受法国象征主义、意大利未来主义的影响，对其进行了转化并纳入到意大利传统之中，从彼特拉克至莱奥帕尔迪的伟大的抒情诗流派中汲取养分进行新的创作。被视为现代意大利诗歌革新第一人。
之后他摒弃偏爱的短句，回归意大利传统的十一音节诗句，作品随之转向长诗。时代的灾难、文明的崩塌、个人如覆舟般的命运与二战给人类造成的悲剧感相互交织，组成了贯穿翁加雷蒂后期是个的主题变奏。
“他的诗歌密度特别大，力量非常集中，瘦了伯格森很多影响，有很强的哲学意味，但不容易读出来。” ——刘国鹏
L'Allegria, previously calledL'Allegria di Naufragi, is a decisive moment of the recent history of Italian literature: Ungaretti revises with novel ideas the poetic style of thepoètes maudits(especially the broken verses without punctation marks ofGuillaume Apollinaire’s Calligrammes and the equality between verse and a single word),connecting it with his experience of death and pain as a soldier at war. The hope of brotherhood between all the people is expressed strongly, together with the desire of searching for a renovated "harmony" with the universe, impressive in the famous verses of Mattina:
M’illumino
d’immenso
I illuminate (myself)
with immensity
—Flora, August 2010
A famous poem regarding the First World War is Soldati (soldiers):
Si sta come
d'autunno
sugli alberi
le foglie
It's like being
in the autumn
on the trees
the leaves
—M. Tanzy, November, 2015
In the successive works he studied the importance of the poetic word (marked byHermeticismandsymbolism), as the only way to save the humanity from the universal horror, and was searching for a new way to recuperate the roots of the Italian classical poetry. His last verses are on the poeml'Impietrito e il Velluto, about the memory of thebright universe eyedDunja, an old woman that was house guest of his mother in the time of his childhood in theBay of Kotor. Here is the end:
Il velluto dello sguardo di Dunja
Fulmineo torna presente pietà
The velvet in the bright gaze of Dunja
Rapid returns as present mercy
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti
【译作赏析】
天地
我与大海一道
成为
一口清新的
棺材
（戴维达克 1916年8月24日）
重量
那位农夫
信赖圣安东尼
的像章
他无忧无虑
而我携带着我的灵魂
全然孤单，全然赤裸
毫无幻想
（玛利亚诺 1916年6月29日）
时间的意识
因着恰如其分的光线，
唯有一道浅紫色的阴影跌落于
略高的桎梏之上，
远方向着尺度敞开，
我的每一次心跳，一如在使用着心脏，
但而今我听到了它，
时间，请快些将我抿在你的唇间
你最后的唇间
（1931年）
诅咒
犹如火山口尖锐的岩石，
犹如溪流中筋疲力尽的石子，
犹如孤独而赤裸的夜晚，
上主果断的手
为何不将你的灵魂
自投掷器和恐惧中赎回？
这灵魂
通晓心的虚荣
和无耻的图谋
熟识世界的尺度
和我们思想的盘算
审断骄傲自大，
除了尘世的狂喜
为何人们不能承受苦难？
你不再眷顾我，上主
在肉体的盲目中
除了遗忘，我无计可施。
（1931年）
卡尔索的圣玛尔提诺
这些房屋
仅留下
几堵
残垣断壁
那么多
患难与共的同伴
活下来的
屈指可数
然而我的心里
谁的十字架也不曾缺少
我的心啊
是备受毁损的家园
一个偶然的机会接触到“俄耳甫斯诗译丛”，尽管“诗歌是翻译中失去的东西”，在这些文字里面仍然可以感受到文字照射出来的诗歌的生命力。
朱塞培·翁加雷蒂的诗歌被翻译后某种程度上一定因为语言文字的差异性丧失了某些东西，这也是所有译作会面临的问题。但是对于一个不懂意大利语的人来说，译作总能带来某种与不同文化接触的兴奋感。更何况刘国鹏先生的翻译本身就是一种再创作——在他的解读下，朱塞培·翁加雷蒂是这样的朱塞培·翁加雷蒂，姑且就欣赏这样的翁加雷蒂。
毕竟人类具有普遍的情感感受。