Ubuntu 更新apt源及apt常用命令

替换apt国内源

执行以下命令

mv -f /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
cat > /etc/apt/sources.list<< EOF
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
EOF

把原来的apt源重命名为sources.list.bak，将阿里云的源作为apt默认使用的源
如果阿里云的源失效，则考虑执行以下命令恢复官方源

mv -f /etc/apt/sources.list.bak /etc/apt/sources.list

更新软件包信息

只更新不升级，已安装的软件包是否有可用的更新

 apt update

显示如下则代表所有的包都是最新的，没有可以更新的。

Ign:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu trusty InRelease
Hit:2 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu trusty-security InRelease
Hit:3 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu trusty-updates InRelease
Hit:4 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu trusty-proposed InRelease
Hit:5 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu trusty-backports InRelease
Hit:6 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu trusty Release
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
All packages are up to date.

显示如下则代表还有需要更新的包

224 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them.

可更新的包信息

执行以下命令显示可更新包的具体信息

apt list --upgradable

apt自己的更新信息也在列表中

更新所有包

apt -y upgrade

直接将所有的包更新到最新，注意，这可能是个危险操作。
如果你的开发和生产环境依赖特殊版本，则需要使用以下命令升级指定某个包到特殊版本

apt upgrade xxx=1.0.0

安装编译必备

build-essential 是一个meta package，它依赖一篮子软件包，使用以下命令可以看到依赖关系

$ apt-cache depends build-essential
build-essential
 |Depends: libc6-dev
  Depends: <libc-dev>
    libc6-dev
  Depends: gcc
  Depends: g++
  Depends: make
    make-guile
  Depends: dpkg-dev

gcc及make方式

apt install build-essential

使用cmake构建系统需要额外安装

apt install cmake

ninja取代make需要额外安装

apt install ninja-build

如果你使用的是更老的编译方式，那么执行以下命令

apt install autoconf      # loads autoscan, autoconf and associated macros
apt install automake
apt install libtool
apt install m4

安装软件包

apt install golang

查找软件包名

apt-cache search golang

查找包含文件的软件包名

apt install apt-file
apt-file update
apt-file search lua.hpp

这个类似于centos的yum whatprovides 命令，查找返回以下结果

emscripten: /usr/share/emscripten/tests/lua/src/lua.hpp
liblua5.1-0-dev: /usr/include/lua5.1/lua.hpp
liblua5.2-dev: /usr/include/lua5.2/lua.hpp
liblua5.3-dev: /usr/include/lua5.3/lua.hpp
libluabind-dev: /usr/include/luabind/detail/convert_to_lua.hpp
libluajit-5.1-dev: /usr/include/luajit-2.1/lua.hpp
libtexlua52-dev: /usr/include/texlua52/lua.hpp
libtexluajit-dev: /usr/include/texluajit/lua.hpp
lua5.1-doc: /usr/share/doc/lua5.1-doc/etc/lua.hpp
tarantool-lts-dev: /usr/include/tarantool/lua.hpp

列出软件包的所有文件

apt-file list golang

删除软件包

apt remove golang