(1)线程与进程
线程:一个在内存中运行的应用程序。每个进程都有自己独立的一块空间,一个进程可以有多个线程。
线程:是操作系统能够进行运算调度的最小单位。它被包含在进程之中,是进程中的实际运作单位。一条线程指的是进程中一个单一顺序的控制流,一个进程中可以并发多个线程,每条线程并行执行不同的任务。
所有运行中的任务通常对应一个进程(Process)。当一个程序进入内存运行时,即变成一个进程,堆栈、自己的程序计数器和自己的局部变量,但不拥有系统资源,它与父进程的其他线程共享该进程所拥有的全部资源。
(2)并行并发
串行:排队依次执行。如一台打印机资源,10位同学排队打印文件,排队使用
并行:同一时刻多条指令在多个处理机上运行。如两台打印机资源,10位同学排队打印文件,此时可以两位同学同时打印
并发:同一时刻只能有一条指令执行,但多个进程指令被快速轮换执行,使得在宏观上具有多个进程同时执行的效果。
(3)线程的创建
1、继承Thread
Thread
public class Thread implements Runnable {
//常用构造方法
public Thread() {
this(null, null, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
public Thread(Runnable target) {
this(null, target, "Thread-" + nextThreadNum(), 0);
}
public Thread(Runnable target, String name) {
this(null, target, name, 0);
}
//常用API
/**
* 获取线程的状态,返回值是State枚举(见下文)
*/
public State getState() {
// get current thread state
return jdk.internal.misc.VM.toThreadState(threadStatus);
}
}
/**
* 继承Thread类
*/
public class MyThread extends Thread{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("MyThread Running");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread myThread = new MyThread();
myThread.setName("MyThread");
myThread.start();
}
}
因为Java中类是单继承的,继承了Thread类,就无法继承其他父类,不利于代码扩展
2.继承Runnable接口
Runnable
public class MyThread2 implements Runnable{
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread2 myThread2 = new MyThread2();
Thread thread = new Thread(myThread2);
thread.start();
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("线程执行体");
}
}
弊端:
因为Runnable接口中没有start()方法,因此启动线程时,必须将继承了Runnable接口的类的对象通过Thread类的构造进行包装,然后调用Thread#start()方法启动线程。
run()方法不能抛出异常,如果run()方法中代码抛出异常,程序只能中断,不能通过try...catch进行异常。
run()方法没有返回值
3.Callable接口
Callable接口
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable
/**
* 等价于run()方法,但是该方法有返回值,并且可以抛出异常
*
* @return computed result
* @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
*/
V call() throws Exception;
}
Future接口
public interface Future
/**
* 尝试取消一个任务.如果任务已经执行完成,则取消失败 . 当任务没有开始时,可以取消
* 如果任务已经开始,线程能不能被取消取决于mayInterruptIfRunning参数
*
* 当调用完此方法后调用isCancelled(),isDone()方法都会返回true
* @param mayInterruptIfRunning 如果是true,则正则执行的线程可以被取消,否则
* 线程被允许执行完成。
* @return {@code false} 如果返回false则线程没有取消
* 典型的例如,这个线程已经执行完成。
* {@code true} otherwise
*/
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
/**
* Returns {@code true} 如果任务在任务启动前或者完成过程被取消,则返回true
* 在完成后取消,并调用该方法时返回false。
*
*/
boolean isCancelled();
/**
* Returns {@code true} 如果任务完成则返回true.
* 任务被中断,被取消,或者发生异常,都会返回true
*
* @return {@code true} if this task completed
*/
boolean isDone();
/**
* 如果需要,等待call()方法执行结束后,获取结果
*
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
*/
V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
/**
* 等待给定时间内获取结果,如果在等待时间内没有获取到结果,则抛出异常
*
* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
* @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
* @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
*/
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}
使用Callable创建线程的步骤
1. 继承Callable接口,并实现call()方法
2. 创建FutureTask对象,包装Callable的子类对象
3. 创建Thread类的对象,包装FutureTask对象
4. 调用Thread#start()方法启动线程
5. 调用FutureTask#get()方法获取call()方法的返回值
/**
* Callable创建接口
*/
//继承Callable接口,并实现call()方法
public class MyCallable implements Callable {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
Callable
FutureTask futureTask = new FutureTask(callable);
Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask,"thread1");
thread.start();
//为了让线程thread1尽快执行,让主线程休眠2秒
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println(futureTask.get());
}
@Override
public Object call() throws Exception {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
return new String("a")+new String("b");
}
}
/**
* Cancle实例
*/
public class MyCallableCancle implements Callable{
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
Callable
FutureTask futureTask = new FutureTask(callable);
Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask,"thread1");
//System.out.println(futureTask.cancel(true));
System.out.println("--------------");
thread.start();
//为了让线程thread1尽快执行,让主线程休眠2秒
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println("--------------");
//只关乎在运行过程中的取消状态,参数决定cancel执行与否,与返回值无关
System.out.println(futureTask.cancel(true));
System.out.println(futureTask.get());
//线程执行之后取消 无法取消 返回false
System.out.println("--------------");
System.out.println(futureTask.cancel(true));
}
@Override
public Object call() throws Exception {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);
return new String("a")+new String("b");
}
}
/**
* isDone实例
*/
public class MyCallableIsDone implements Callable{
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
Callable
FutureTask futureTask = new FutureTask(callable);
Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask,"thread1");
System.out.println("--------------");
//线程执行前 返回false
System.out.println(futureTask.isDone());
thread.start();
//为了让线程thread1尽快执行,让主线程休眠2秒
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2);
System.out.println("--------------");
//线程执行过程中返回false
System.out.println(futureTask.isDone());
System.out.println(futureTask.get());
System.out.println("--------------");
//线程执行之后 返回true
System.out.println(futureTask.isDone());
}
@Override
public Object call() throws Exception {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(5);
return new String("a")+new String("b");
}
}
线程的生命周期
线程的生命周期就是线程从创建到运行结束的整个过程状态。
public enum State {
/**
* 线程创建但未启动
*/
NEW,
/**
* 线程处于该状态,可能是正在运行,
* 也可能是处于等待状态,在等待处理器分配资源
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* 线程在等待其他线程释放锁时,会处于该状态
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called {@code Object.wait()}
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* {@code Object.notify()} or {@code Object.notifyAll()} on
* that object. A thread that has called {@code Thread.join()}
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* 线程执行完毕后处于该状态
*/
TERMINATED;
}