man 系统参考手册
man n name 在系统手册第n章查看name
代码:
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int x = 100;
int rc = fork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
printf("child pid: x = %d\n", x);
} else {
wait(NULL);
}
return 0;
}
输出:
子进程会保持和父进程一样的值100,当子进程和父进程都改变x的值时,变量会各自单独保持一份互不影响,相互隔离。
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
int fd = open("./tmp.txt", O_CREAT | O_APPEND | O_RDWR, S_IRWXU);
int rc = fork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < atoi(argv[1]); i++) write(fd, "child\n", 6);
} else {
int i;
for (i = 0; i < atoi(argv[1]); i++) write(fd, "parent\n", 7);
wait(NULL);
close(fd);
}
return 0;
}
结果如下:
1次并没有发现并发问题,试过1000次也没什么问题
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int rc = vfork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
printf("hello\n");
} else {
printf("goodbye\n");
}
return 0;
}
另一种实现方式:
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int flag = 0;
int main() {
int rc = vfork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
printf("hello\n");
flag = 1;
exit(1);
} else {
while(flag == 0);
printf("goodbye\n");
wait(NULL);
}
return 0;
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int i;
for (i = 1; i <= 6; ++i) {
int rc = fork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
exit(1);
} else if (rc == 0) {
char* path = "/bin/ls";
char* pro = "ls";
char* target = ".";
char* ev[] = {pro, target, NULL};
switch (i)
{
case 1:
execl(path, pro, target, NULL);
break;
case 2:
execle(path, pro, target, NULL);
break;
case 3:
execlp(pro, pro, target, NULL);
break;
case 4:
execv(path, ev);
break;
case 5:
execvp(pro, ev);
break;
case 6:
execvpe(pro, ev);
break;
default:
break;
}
} else {
wait(NULL);
}
}
return 0;
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int rc = vfork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
wait(NULL);
printf("child pid is %d\n", getpid());
exit(1);
} else {
int result = wait(NULL);
printf("the return value is %d\n", result);
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
从上图中可见,wait返回的是子进程的进程号,而子进程中使用wait并不会发生什么,它会等待子进程自己的子进程结束。
同样是返回pid,但是waitpid传入的参数不同,需要传入子进程的id、状态参数以及额外的选项。
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int rc = vfork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
printf("child pid is %d\n", getpid());
exit(1);
} else {
int result = waitpid(rc, NULL, 0);
printf("the return value is %d\n", result);
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int rc = fork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
close(STDOUT_FILENO);
int res = printf("output something\n");
fprintf(stderr, "%d\n", res);
res = fflush(stdout);
fprintf(stderr, "%d %s\n", res, strerror(errno));
} else {
wait(NULL);
}
return 0;
}
会把数据先写在缓存块内,具体可参考:在关闭stdout之后调用printf会发生什么?
#include
#include
#include
#include
int main() {
int fds[2];
pipe(fds);
int rc = fork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
close(STDOUT_FILENO);
close(fds[1]);
dup(fds[0]);
close(fds[0]);
}
rc = fork();
if (rc == -1) {
fprintf(stderr, "fork failed\n");
} else if (rc == 0) {
close(STDIN_FILENO);
close(fds[1]);
dup(fds[1]);
close(fds[1]);
printf("hello\n");
}
close(fds[1]);
close(fds[0]);
wait(NULL);
return 0;
}