Python常用的内建模块4:urllib

urllib提供了一系列用于操作URL的功能

• Get

urllib的request模块可以非常方便的抓取URL的内容, 也就是发送一个GET请求到制定的页面, 然后返回HTTP的响应:
例如, 对豆瓣的一个URLhttps://api.douban.com/v2/book/2129650进行抓取, 并返回响应:

from urllib import request

with request.urlopen('https://api.douban.com/v2/book/2129650') as f:
    data = f.read()
    print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
    for k, v in f.getheaders():
        print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
    print('Data:', data.decode('utf-8'))

可以看到HTTP响应的头和JSON数据：

Status: 200 OK
Server: nginx
Date: Tue, 26 May 2015 10:02:27 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 2049
Connection: close
Expires: Sun, 1 Jan 2006 01:00:00 GMT
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: must-revalidate, no-cache, private
X-DAE-Node: pidl1
Data: {"rating":{"max":10,"numRaters":16,"average":"7.4","min":0},"subtitle":"","author":["廖雪峰编著"],"pubdate":"2007-6",...}

如果我们要想模拟浏览器发送GET请求，就需要使用Request对象，通过往Request对象添加HTTP头，我们就可以把请求伪装成浏览器。例如，模拟iPhone 6去请求豆瓣首页：

from urllib import request

req = request.Request('http://www.douban.com/')
req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25')
with request.urlopen(req) as f:
    print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
    for k, v in f.getheaders():
        print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
    print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8'))

这样豆瓣会返回适合iPhone的移动版网页：

...
    
    
    
...

• Post

如果要以POST发送一个请求，只需要把参数data以bytes形式传入。
我们模拟一个微博登录，先读取登录的邮箱和口令，然后按照weibo.cn的登录页的格式以username=xxx&password=xxx的编码传入

from urllib import request, parse

print('Login to weibo.cn...')
email = input('Email: ')
passwd = input('Password: ')
login_data = parse.urlencode([
    ('username', email),
    ('password', passwd),
    ('entry', 'mweibo'),
    ('client_id', ''),
    ('savestate', '1'),
    ('ec', ''),
    ('pagerefer', 'https://passport.weibo.cn/signin/welcome?entry=mweibo&r=http%3A%2F%2Fm.weibo.cn%2F')
])

req = request.Request('https://passport.weibo.cn/sso/login')
req.add_header('Origin', 'https://passport.weibo.cn')
req.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/6.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/10A5376e Safari/8536.25')
req.add_header('Referer', 'https://passport.weibo.cn/signin/login?entry=mweibo&res=wel&wm=3349&r=http%3A%2F%2Fm.weibo.cn%2F')

with request.urlopen(req, data=login_data.encode('utf-8')) as f:
    print('Status:', f.status, f.reason)
    for k, v in f.getheaders():
        print('%s: %s' % (k, v))
    print('Data:', f.read().decode('utf-8'))

如果登录成功，我们获得的响应如下：

Status: 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.2.0
...
Set-Cookie: SSOLoginState=1432620126; path=/; domain=weibo.cn
...
Data: {"retcode":20000000,"msg":"","data":{...,"uid":"1658384301"}}

如果登录失败，我们获得的响应如下：

...
Data: {"retcode":50011015,"msg":"\u7528\u6237\u540d\u6216\u5bc6\u7801\u9519\u8bef","data":{"username":"[email protected]","errline":536}}

利用urllib读取JSON，然后将JSON解析为Python对象：

import json
def fetch_data(url):
    return json.load(request.urlopen(url))

更多urllib的用法